1. Chapter 23
The Pesticide Dilemma

2. Types of Pesticides INSECTICIDES HERBICIDES FUNGICIDES RODENTICIDES
23.1
INSECTICIDES
Kill insects by blocking reproduction, clogging airways or disrupting nervous system
HERBICIDES
Kill weeds by disrupting metabolism & growth
FUNGICIDES
Fungus killers
RODENTICIDES
Rat & mouse killers

3. What is a Pesticide? First-Generation Pesticides
23.2
First-Generation Pesticides
Inorganic compounds (e.g., lead, mercury)
Botanicals (e.g., nicotine, pyrethrin)
Pyrethrin is derived from chrysanthemum flowers.

4. What is a Pesticide? Second-Generation Pesticides
Synthetic botanicals (e.g., pyrethroids)
DDT

5. MAJOR CLASSES The Major Groups of Insecticides
Chlorinated hydrocarbon (e.g., DDT)
Organophosphates (e.g., malathion)
Carbamates (e.g., carbaryl)

6. Table 23-1 Page 520 Table 23-1 Major Types of Pesticides Type
Insecticides
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Botanicals
Microbotanicals
Examples
DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, toxaphene, lindane, chlordane, methoxychlor, mirex
Malathion, parathion, diazinon, TEPP, DDVP,mevinphos
Aldicarb, carbaryl (Sevin), propoxur,
maneb, zineb
Rotenone, pyrethrum, and camphor
extracted from plants, synthetic pyrethroids (variations of pyrethrum), rotenoids (variations of rotenone), and neonicotinoids
(variations of nicotine)
Various bacteria, fungi, protozoa
Persistence
High (2–15 years)
Low to moderate (1–2 weeks), but some can last several years
Low (days to weeks)
Biologically Magnified?
Yes No

7. Table 23-1 Page 520 Table 23-1 Major Types of Pesticides Type
Herbicides
Contact chemicals
Systemic chemicals
Soil sterilants
Fungicides
Various chemicals
Fumigants
Examples
Atrazine, simazine, paraquat
2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Silvex, diuron,
daminozide (Alar), alachlor (Lasso),
glyphosate (Roundup)
Tribulan, diphenamid, dalapon, butylate
Captan, pentachlorophenol, zeneb, methyl bromide, carbon bisulfide
Carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide
Persistence
Low (days to weeks)
Mostly low
(days to weeks)
Low (days)
Most low (days)
Mostly high
Biologically Magnified? No
Yes (for most)

8. What is a Pesticide? The Major Kinds of Herbicides
Selective herbicides
(e.g., 2,4-D – kills broad-leaved plants)
Nonselective herbicides
(e.g., glyphosate, aka: Round-UpTM)

9. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Benefit: Disease Control
Location of malaria

10. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Benefit: Crop production
Farmers save ~$3 - $5 in crops for every $1 invested into pesticides

11. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance
# of species exhibiting genetic resistance to pesticides

12. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance
Creates a pesticide treadmill
Kills most pests
Resistant survive
Numbers increase
INCREASE
Pesticide application
EVEN MORE
New population genetically resistant

13. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance
Resistance Management
Create a “refuge” (no pesticide applied)
Avoid repeated use of same pesticide

14. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Problem: Imbalances in the Ecosystem

15. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Problem: Imbalances in the Ecosystem
Creation of New Pests

16. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Problem: Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification
Biomagnification of DDT

17. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides
Problem: Mobility in the Environment

18. Risks of Pesticides to Human Health
Short-term Effects of Pesticides
Handling of food with pesticide residue

19. Risks of Pesticides to Human Health
Short-term Effects of Pesticides
Case-in-Point: The Bhopal Disaster
40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas released
600,000 people exposed
2,500 immediately killed
2,500 more killed through time
50,000-60,000 have serious health problems

20. Risks of Pesticides to Human Health
Long-term Effects of Pesticides
Potentially higher risk of cancer
Sterility
Miscarriage / birth defects
Potentially higher risk for Parkinson’s disease

21. Alternatives to Pesticides
Using Cultivation Methods to Control Pests
Interplant mixtures of plants
Strip cutting
Planting, fertilizing, and irrigating at proper time
Crop rotation

22. Alternatives to Pesticides
Biological Controls
Using naturally occurring diseases, parasites, or predators to control a pest
Pheromones and Hormones
Use pheromones to attract insects to traps
Synthetic hormones induce abnormal development
Reproductive Controls
Sterile-male technique – inundate pest population with large numbers of sterile males

23. Alternatives to Pesticides
Genetic Controls
Using Genetically Modified plants (GMOs)
Case-in-Point: Bt, Its Potential and Problems
Genetically modified corn to produce Bt toxin
Potential problem: may affect non-target species, such as monarch butterfly
Quarantine

24. Alternatives to Pesticides
Integrated Pest Management

25. Alternatives to Pesticides
Integrated Pest Management
IPM introduced
Rice Production in Indonesia

26. Alternatives to Pesticides
Irradiating Foods
Predominantly used on meats
Kills many microorganisms

27. FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT (FIFRA)
The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use
EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users to register when purchasing pesticides
EPA is required to make instructional materials concerning integrated pest management (IPM) techniques available to individuals at their request
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users (farmers, utility companies, and others) to register when purchasing pesticides.
The EPA is required to make instructional materials concerning integrated pest management (IPM) techniques available to individuals at their request in accordance with the provisions of section 23(c) of this Act.

28. Laws Controlling Pesticide Use
Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)
Pesticide Chemicals Amendment (1954)
Delaney Cause (1958)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947)
Estimates of Risk of Cancer from Pesticide Residue

29. Laws Controlling Pesticide Use
Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)
Pesticide Chemicals Amendment (1954)
Delaney Cause (1958)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947)
Food Quality Protection Act (1996)

30. The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides
Some US companies still make banned or seriously restricted pesticides and export the product.
This can potentially lead to the importation of food tainted with banned pesticides

31. The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides
The Global Ban of Persistent Organic Pollutants

32. IPM is:
A pest management philosophy that utilizes all suitable pest management techniques and methods to keep pest populations below economically injurious levels. Each pest management technique must be environmentally sound and compatible with producer objectives.
This is one of many definitions of IPM. We will go through the key points of this definition w/ explanations.
Key points of this definition include:
It is a philosophy where we try to manage a pest instead of controlling or eradicating a pest. It requires a greater knowledge of the pest, crop and the environment.
We will explain the general types of management methods are and give examples.
We will define what an Economic Injury Level is and how it should be used in an IPM program
We will also must indicate that all management techniques must be environmentally sound AND that these techniques must be economically feasible for the producer.

33. WHAT IS IPM? IPM utilizes a combination of: Preventive measures
Monitoring
Control techniques
IPM’s goal is to suppress pests by the least toxic measures
IPM does not exclude the use of chemical pesticides, but utilizes them sparingly and only as a last resort
What Is IPM?
Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is an approach to pest control that utilizes a combination of preventive measures, maintains a regular monitoring program and employs a variety of control techniques.
IPM’s goal is to suppress pests by the least toxic measures.
IPM does not exclude the use of chemical pesticides, but utilizes them sparingly and only as a last resort.