2.  Define terms associated with integrated pest management.  Differentiate between biological, cultural/physical control, and chemical pest management practices.  List the proper equipment and clothing to use when applying chemicals.  Explain the importance of pesticide label information.

3.  Biological control  Chemical control  Cultural control  Fungicide  Herbicide  Insecticide  Integrated pest management  LD factor  Miticide  Nematocide  Pest  Pesticide  Toxicity

4.  Living organism that can cause injury or loss.  Types: › Insects › Disease › Weeds › Mites › Nematodes › Parasites › Animals

5.  Pest damage- 1/3 the total crop production potential  Methods are available to minimize or eliminate losses that pests cause.  Economic injury level  Economic threshold

6.  The point at which the cost of pest control equals the revenue loss caused by a pest  Determined by estimatin the potential yield loss, the value of the crop, and the cost of treatment  Clearly defines how much damage can be tolerated.

7.  Number of insects per plant or the amount of damage to the plant that economically justifies the use of control measures  If a control is applied when a pest population reaches the economic threshold, the population will be suppressed before it reaches the economic injury level.

8.  An ecologically based approach to controlling plant pests  Organized program in which the best management methods available are used to keep pest populations below the economic injury level.

9.  Pest-control strategy that relies on multiple control practices  Establishes the amount of damage that will be tolerated before control actions are taken.

10.  Use of a scout (either the grower or a hired individual) who regularly monitors pest populations and crop conditions › Collect data about which pests are causing damage, stage of life, whether the population is increasing or decreasing

11.  Knowing how to identify key pests and their biological characteristics is important. › Weakest link must be found. › Key pest- one that occurs on a regular basis for a given crop.

12.  An understanding of the biology of the crop and its ecosystem  Ecosystem of the crop consists of the biotic and abiotic influences in the living environment. › Biotic- living organisms › Abiotic- nonliving factors

13.  Help sustain the ability of the earth to meet the needs of an increasing human population.  Benefits agriculture and the environment.

14.  Reduced pesticide costs  Reduced application costs  Less pesticide resistance

15.  Reduced contamination  Fewer residues on food  Improved human health

16.  Biological  Chemical  Cultural  Mechanical  Genetic

17.  Use of living organisms to reduce pest populations  Beneficial organisms are natural enemies of pests.  Parasites, predators, and pathogens are all used as biological controls.

18.  Use of pesticides to reduce pest populations  Pesticide resistance- the ability of an organism to tolerate a lethal level of a pesticide  Pest resurgence- refers to a pest’s ability to repopulate after control measures have been eliminated or reduced.

19.  Used to make the crop environment unsuitable for pests to feed, live, or reproduce  Also used to improve crop health  Examples: soil tillage, crop rotation, adjustment of harvest or planting dates, irrigation schemes, variety selection, clean culture, and trap crops

20.  Used to physically remove or exclude pests  Includes hand destruction and the use of screens and traps  Federal and state governments have created laws that prevent the entry or spread of known pests into uninfested areas (regulatory control)

21.  Use of genetically engineered organisms to fight pests  Plant breeders are constantly working to develop varieties and hybrids that are resistant to or tolerant of pests.

22.  Pesticide - materials used to control pests › Insecticide › Miticides › Fungicides › Herbicides › Rodenticides › Nematocides › Molluscicides

23.  Pesticide can enter the body through four main routes: › Oral exposure › Dermal exposure › Inhalation exposure › Eye exposure

24.  Toxicity - degree of poison in a material  Amount of active ingredients in a material and the chemical nature of the poison determine the toxicity.

25.  Method used to measure toxicity differs between types of exposure  LD factor - lethal dose; amount necessary to cause death › used to measure oral and dermal toxicity › Lower LD= more toxicity  Lethal Concentration (LC) › Used to measure inhalation toxicity › Lower LC= more poisonous pesticide

26.  Respirator  Goggles  Rubber gloves  Rubber boots  Long sleeved shirt  Overalls/apron

28.  Provides information about the active ingredient › Active ingredient kills the pest.  Front panel provides only basic information › Classification (general or restricted use) › Brand name › Formulation › Common name › Ingredients › Signal words › Precautionary statements › Establishment number

29.  Side and back panels provide more detailed information. › Hazardous materials warning labels › Directions for use › Notice of limitations