1. DDT

5. DDT was the first synthetic pesticide of the modern age
DDT was the first synthetic pesticide of the modern age. It promised much, but ultimately created widespread concern as an environmental hazard.

6. DDT: what is it?
DDT is one of nine persistent organic pollutants (POPs) DDT - originally World War II, control typhus which was spread by the body louse – WHO – eradication plan for mosquito borne malaria Extensively used - general agricultural insecticide until 80s.

7. 1950s - resistance problems 1960s - serious environmental problems Then: wide-ranging restrictions on its use Now: studies show environmental persistence bioaccumulation mimics hormones so disrupt endocrine systems in wildlife and possibly humans

8. Not soluble in water Soluble in lipids (fats) Builds up in fatty tissue Soil half life – 22 days to 30 years

9. Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
Build up of non-biodegradable chemicals in body Concentration of non-biodegradable chemicals increasing at each trophic level

10. DDT led to decline of the bald eagle

11. Human health – disputed facts
Farmers – asthma and/or diabetes
Exposed people
- increased risk of some cancers
miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight
Increased infertility in men

12. Malaria

13. Malaria 250 million cases each year 1 million deaths a year
90% of deaths in Africa
2006 – 13 countries still using it
Many aid agencies won’t give aid if a country uses DDT

14. The ban
1970s and 80s – banned in most MEDCs USA – 1972 UK – 1984 Worldwide ban on agricultural use in the Stockholm Convention India and N Korea still use it for agriculture

15. Write down the true statements and change the false ones to make them true
DDT decreases along a food chain
Bioaccumulation of DDT occurs
Biomagnification of DDT occurs
DDT was originally used in WW1 to control cholera
DDT was used on farms to kill rats

16. f) DDT was used to kill mosquitoes
g) Pests became resistant to DDT
h) Water small fish zooplankton large fish eagles fish-eating birds
Babies get asthma and / or diabetes
j) Exposed people suffer cancer and pregnancy/birth problems.
k) Malaria affects 1 million people a year

17. m) In 2000 it was banned in most MEDCs n) The Oslo Convention stopped its use in agriculture worldwide.

18. The answers
DDT increases along a food chain
Bioaccumulation of DDT occurs
Biomagnification of DDT occurs
DDT was originally used in WWII to control typhus
DDT was used on farms to kill pests

19. f) DDT was used to kill mosquitoes g) Pests became resistant to DDT h) Water zooplankton small fish large fish fish-eating birds eagles i) Farmers get asthma and / or diabetes j) Exposed people suffer cancer and pregnancy/birth problems. k) Malaria affects 250 million people a year

20. m) In 1970s/80s it was banned in most MEDCs n) The Stockholm Convention stopped its use in agriculture worldwide.

21. IB: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages to ecosystems and societies of banning the pesticide DDT. [10]
Evaluate: make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations

22. a) Outline the main uses (past and present) of DDT. (3)
b) Describe the variations in the level of DDT along a food chain. (3) c) Comment on the risks of using DDT. (4)
Describe: give a detailed account
Outline: give a brief account or summary
Comment on: give a judgement based on a given statement
IB: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages to ecosystems and societies of banning the pesticide DDT. [10]
Evaluate: make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations

23. Describe: give a detailed account
Outline: give a brief account or summary
Comment on: give a judgement based on a given statement
Evaluate: make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations