1. Management of Plants & Soils for Sustainable Production In the Andean Region Penn State University Paul Backman, Plant Pathology Jonathan Lynch, Siela Maximova & Mark Gultinan, Horticulture Graduate Students (degree program) Rachel Melnik (Ph.D., U.S.) Amelia Henry (Ph.D., U.S.) Raul Jaramillo (Ph.D., Ecuador) Danilo Vera M.S. (proposed trainee, Ecuador)

2. Sustainable Cacao Production Find Superior Cacao Lines Preference to Nacional types Develop Rooted Cuttings & tissue culture Find Associated Beneficial Microflora Colonize Multiple Cacao lines Determine if disease resistance is enhanced

3. Maximova & Guiltinan help to increase select lines of cacao nacional germplasm by clonal propogation- -Rooting System in Pichilingue

4. SANREM--Ecuador Problem: Need isolates that can be released in South America Collected 69 isolates (endospore- formers) Leaves Pods Stems Flower cushions

5. Growth Chamber Study Determines Beneficial Micro-organisms, Growth & Survival

6. Prescreening for Disease Suppression (black rot)

7. Frosty Pod an emerging problem for South American cacao

8. Antibiosis Studies Moniliophthora roreri--Frosty Pod Rot Phytophthora capsici—Black Rot

9. Disease challenge in Ecuador

10. Sustainable Intercropping

11. Local Farmer in Bolivar Province utilizes Canavalia to suppress nematodes and Beauvaria to kill weevils—Organic Marketing

12. Cacao Intercropping with plantain Cacao planted alone had almost double the severity of Witches’ broom

14. Measures of Witches’ broom in cocoa Incidence of witches broom (%) TreatmentsAxilarsTerminalsPulvinulo (CDR+PDR)38,75 b3,82 a b3,50 b (CSR+PSR)31,52 b3,09 b3,88 a b (CD + PD)33,17 b3,51 a b4,01 a b (SC)52,40 a5,10 a5,84 a (CDR+PDR) = Cocoa Double row + plantain double row; (CSR+PSR)= Cocoa single row + plantain single row; (CD + PD)= Cocoa diamond + plantain diamond; (SC)= Single cocoa; (SP)= Single plantain.

15. Population of Radopholus similis and Meloydogine sp. in 100 g/roots of plantain from four planting systems. Pichilingue, Ecuador, 2007.

16. Impact on Farmers Increase yield and decrease disease Decrease pesticide use and exposure Increase income to improve quality of life

17. Impacts on Environment Useful in a sustainable agroforestry system Reduce pesticide useage Cleaner water Flora and fauna Soil Retention

18. Cs-137 Analysis

19. Annual crop soils are more degraded

20. Natural Forests have the highest organic matter content

21. Aluminum toxicity: most severe in Alto Guanujo pine higher than eucalyptus

22. Aluminum toxicity: most severe in Alto Guanujo pine higher than eucalyptus

23. Acknowledgements USDA-ARS Bryan Bailey Eric Rosenquist Mary Strem INIAP Carmen Suárez Danilo Vera USAID SANREM CRSP IPM CRSP ACRI USDA-ARS SPCL USDA-ARS International Programs PSU CAS Tag- Along Program PSU Plant Path. Travel Award PSU Plant Path Paul Backman Anissa Demers JP Marelli Rachel Melnick PSU Hort. Jonathan Lynch Mark Guiltinan Sharon Pishak Siela Maximova Ann Young Raul Jaramillo Amelia Henry