1. Environmental History: An Overview
Chapter 2

2. Key Concepts
Four Major “Revolutions” in Human Culture
U.S. Environmental History
Tribal and Frontier Era
Early Conservation Era
The Environmental Era
Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic

3. Cultural Changes and the Environment: Hunter-Gatherer Culture
Hunter-gatherers
Nomadic: seasonal movement
Limited and local environmental impact
Generally work with natural processes

4. Cultural Changes and the Environment: The Agricultural Revolution
Agriculture
Slash and burn/ shifting cultivation (See Fig. 2-3 p. 25)
Essentially sustainable resource use
Increased environmental impact
Refer to Connections on p. 26

5. Cultural Changes and the Environment: The Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution (mid-1700’s)
Shift to dependence on non-renewable resources
Dramatic increase in environmental impact
Refer to Connections on p. 27

6. Information Revolution
Cultural Changes and the Environment: The Information Revolution/Globalization
Information Revolution
Rate of information increase and speed of communication
Globalization
Decrease in cultural diversity

7. Effect of Cultural Changes on Human Population Size
Number of Humans ?
Continued growth
Population
stabilization
crash
(10,000 years)
(100,000 years)
(1 million years)
Tool-making revolution
Agricultural revolution
Industrial and information revolutions
Time
Fig. 2.2, p. 24

8. Environmental History of the United States: The Tribal and Frontier Eras
Tribal Era: Native Americans
Native Americans generally low-impact hunter-gather or agricultural societies
Frontier Environmental Worldview: European Settlement ( )
Significant impact as wilderness frontier was “tamed”

9. Environmental History of the United States: The Early Conservation Era
Period:
Concern over resource use
Preservation of public lands
Public health initiatives
Environmental restoration projects

10. Important Figures During The Early Conservation Era
Henry David Thoreau
George Perkins Marsh
John Muir
Theodore Roosevelt
Alice Hamilton
Franklin Roosevelt

11. Henry David Thoreau American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist.
his book Walden – simple living in natural surroundings

12. George Perkins Marsh America's first environmentalist
Man and Nature - constituted an early work of ecology
Deforestation could lead to desertification.

13. John Muir Scottish-born American naturalist
Advocated preservation of wilderness in the US
He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park Bill that was passed in 1899

14. First woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University
Pioneer in toxicology
Critic of adding tetraethyl lead to gasoline.

15. Environmental History of the United States: The Environmental Era
Period:
The environmental movement
The science of ecology
Spaceship Earth worldview
1980’s: anti-environmental movement
1990’s: environmental awareness

16. Important Figures During The Environmental Era
Rachel Carson: Silent Spring (1962) (See Individuals Matter on p. 36)
Richard Nixon: EPA; ESA
Jimmy Carter: DOE, Superfund
Ronald Reagan: anti-environmentalist
Bill Clinton: environmental concerns a priority

17. Case Study: Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic
Individuals are interdependent
Ethics: respect for land
Shift from conqueror to member
Problems arise when land viewed as a commodity
Preservation of the integrity, stability, and beauty of land is right