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Drug Trafficking and Abuse - Impediments to development Akira Fujino United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
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Shanghai, 1909
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Early days 1920s-30s
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Century of Drug Control
BACKGROUND 19th century: Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China; morphine abuse problem in USA; emergence of heroin : Massive increases in coca leaf exports from the Andean region (later from Java); emerging cocaine epidemic in the USA RESPONSE 1909: Shanghai Conference – International Opium Commission 1912: The Hague: First International Opium Convention : International Drug Control under auspices of League of Nations 3 drug conventions (1925, 1931, 1936) International Drug Control under auspices of United Nations 1948: Protocol (synthetic opioids) 1953: Opium Protocol 1961: Single Convention (amended by Protocol in 1972) 1971: Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1988: UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1998: UNGASS: Political Declaration and Guiding Principles on Demand Reduction
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Related UN Agencies Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
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Opiates Opium Morphine Heroin
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Cannabis CANNABIS
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Coca/Cocaine
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Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
(ATS) Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstacy
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Precursor chemicals
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Opiates
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Golden Triangle
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Myanmar – Thailand border
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Global opium production, 1990-2010
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Global heroin flows of Asian origins
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Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan
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Balkan Route and Northern Route
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.
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Cocaine
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Coca in the Andean region
Coca cultivation, 2008 (167,600 ha) 81,000 ha -18% 56,100 ha +4% Potential cocaine production, 2008 (845 tons) 30,500 ha +6%
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Major trans-regional cocaine flows, 1998 and 2008
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.
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Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS)
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Locations of amphetamines manufacture and main trafficking routes
Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data, UNODC, Individual Drug Seizure Database, other government sources.
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Major methamphetamine trafficking routes out of Myanmar
Also in the Americas.
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Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Fiji 2004
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N Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Indonesia - 2005 Gates Factory
Chimneys Chemical Storage Area Main Road Gates Undercover Agents live here for 6 months Factory Barracks Break Office Prayer and Break Area N
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New Trends in West Africa: Methamphetamine
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Precursor chemicals
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Preventing diversion of precursor chemicals into illicit drug manufacture
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Early cases of precursors used in illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine P P and 3,4 - MDP P UNITED KINGDOM CANADA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA MEXICO GUATEMALA RUSSIAN FEDERATION GERMANY YUGOSLAVIA ALBANIA NETHERLANDS CHIINA INDIA MYANMAR HONG KONG SAR OF China INDONESIA AUSTRALIA
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Acetic Anhydride: Diversity of trade flow
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Seizures of precursor chemicals
Acetic anhydride
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Way forward
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Cultivation and Insurgency
Cultivation of opium poppy Insurgency in the South of the country Major activities of the Taliban 2008
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Sustainable Alternative Development
Farmers do not gain Opium Addiction high in areas of opium poppy cultivation increased poverty level Agricultural development for food security Temperate & cash crops Live stocks Non-agricultural activities Development of micro credit/ revolving funds Construction of irrigation system Education Health Domestic & international marketing - Value added Ref Afghanistan - Balkh Province
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TARCET
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Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: late 1990s and 2008
Trafficking – abuse follows
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