1. Airpower Through The Post Cold War (Part 2)

2. Overview Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue
Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH
Background to conflict and lessons learned
Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
History of the Balkans
Background
Ethnic Groups

3. Overview Operation DENY FLIGHT Operation ALLIED FORCE CFD Review
Background to conflict and lessons learned
Operation ALLIED FORCE
Background
NATO Actions
Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
Lessons learned by U.S. Military
Political Lessons Learned
Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
CFD Review

4. “Beyond the Wild Blue” Video

5. “Beyond the Wild Blue”

6. The Crisis in Iraq
UN Security Council established a “no-fly zone” over northern Iraq to protect the Kurdish people from attacks by Saddam Hussein
Operation Provide Comfort began on 5 Apr 91 as a humanitarian relief effort to deliver food, clothing, and supplies to Iraq’s Kurdish refugees
C-130s began airdropping supplies on 7 Apr 91
Lasted approximately eight years and was then replaced by Operation Northern Watch

7. The Crisis in Iraq Lessons Learned - ONW
The need to avoid “Fratricide”
The limitations of airdrops
Host-country tensions
The need for alternate bases
Lack of an “exit strategy”

8. The Crisis in Iraq
Operation Southern Watch (OSW) was a Combined Task Force enforcing the “no-fly zone” below the 36th parallel in southern Iraq
Not an aggression against Iraq – executed as a self-defense measure
Coalition partners included the U.S., UK, France, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait
More than 850 Iraqi SAM and AAA fire directed at coalition aircraft
Iraq violated the “no-fly zone” more than 160 times
More than 150,000 USAF sorties by 1998

9. “What we’ve effectively done since 1992 is conduct an air occupation of a country…”
Gen Fogleman, Jul 1995

10. The Crisis in Iraq Lessons Learned - OSW
Became a test for USAF AEF concept in Oct 1995
Quality of life changes needed due to high “Ops-Tempo”
Reorganized Security Forces

11. The Crisis in Somalia
In-mid 1992, drought and civil war devastated Somalia
Food supplies became a weapon of war
Operation Provide Relief began on 22 Aug 1992 by the U.S. to deliver food to Somali refugees
Military and civilian aircraft used
Over 2,000 sorties, carrying 48,162 metric tons of food

12. The Crisis in Somalia Although a humanitarian effort:
44 American soldiers lost their lives
175 were injured or wounded
Danger of failure due to warlord interference
Operation Restore Hope
Coalition peacekeeping operation from 9 Dec 92 – 4 May 93
First test of Rapid Global Mobility from the CONUS

13. The Crisis in Somalia Lessons Learned
First large scale test of newly formed AMC and the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC)
Difficulties evolved in the planning, coordinating and managing of the operation
Austere infrastructure of Somalia added to the lack of adequate bases for strategic airlift aircraft

14. A Brief History - After World War II, monarchy abolished
Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed
the country the Federal People's Republic
of Yugoslavia, with himself as prime
minister
- Eliminating opposition, the Tito government executed Mihajlovic in 1946
- Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the
federation he ruled quickly became
apparent
Tito

15. Three ethnic groups fell into conflict
Serbs - dominant in Yugoslavia's politics
and army, orthodox Christianity makes them
natural allies of Russia.
Croats - Roman Catholics, closer to the
West than Serbs and exposed to Western
influences
Muslims - living mainly in ethnically mixed
towns and cities in Bosnia -Herzegovina.

17. The Crisis in Bosnia
Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781, established a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Operation Deny Flight
Enforced the no-fly zone
Provided close air support to UN troops
Conducted approved air strikes under a "dual-key” command arrangement with the U.N.
28 Feb 94, NATO aircraft shot down four warplanes violating the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina
This was the first military engagement ever undertaken by the Alliance.

18. The Crisis in Bosnia NATO objectives
Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on Sarajevo and other safe areas
Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons from the total exclusion zone around Sarajevo
Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces and personnel, and non-government officials
Unrestricted use of Sarajevo airport

19. The Crisis in Bosnia NATO missions of Operation Deny Flight
To conduct aerial monitoring and enforce compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 816
To provide close air support to UN troops on the ground at the request of, and controlled by, UN forces.
To conduct approved air strikes against designated targets threatening the security of the UN-declared safe areas.

20. The Crisis in Bosnia
Operation Deny Flight lasted from 12 Apr 1993 to 20 Dec 1995
Almost 100,000 sorties flown
A formal closure ceremony was held in Vicenza, Italy on 21 Dec 1995
Forces associated with Operation Deny Flight were then transferred to Operation Decisive Endeavor -- as part of the overall NATO operation Joint Endeavor.

21. The Crisis in Bosnia Lessons Learned
Lack of doctrine
Tactical air and space power problems
Bases weren’t large enough to accept the contingency surges
Coalition/Joint problems
Technological problems

22. KOSOVO

23. Kosovo Crisis
Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a mixed population of which the majority are ethnic Albanians (Muslims)
Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered the status of the region, removing its autonomy and bringing it under the direct control of Belgrade, the Serbian capital
The Kosovar Albanians strenuously opposed the move

24. U.S. and NATO Interests at stake
Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region
Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions
President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged the credibility of NATO

25. NATO Action
After the failure of repeated international diplomatic efforts since the Spring of 1998 to peacefully resolve the conflict in Kosovo
North Atlantic Council decided on 23 March to authorize NATO air strikes
Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to end the repression of Kosovar Albanians by the Yugoslav government.

26. NATO’s Objectives
A stop to all military action and the immediate ending of violence and repression;
The withdrawal from Kosovo of the military, police and paramilitary forces;
The stationing in Kosovo of an international military presence

27. NATO’s Objectives cont’d
The unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons
Establish political framework agreement for Kosovo in conformity with international law

28. Military Objective
“Degrade and damage the military and security structure President Milosevic has used to depopulate and destroy the Albanian majority in Kosovo”
William Cohen, SECDEF
15 April 99

29. NATO Strategic Objectives
Demonstrate seriousness of their opposition to Belgrade’s aggression in Balkans
Deter Milosevic’s attacks on helpless civilians and reverse ethnic cleansing
Damage Serbia’s capacity to wage war against Kosovo

30. Lessons Learned on Kosovo War Objectives
U.S. Grand Strategy
Maintain a peaceful, prosperous U.S.-led Europe
Convince NATO to transition from old Cold War common defense against external threats to new Continental security coalition
Persuade NATO to acquire means and will to conduct “out of area” military ops
European Strategy
Maintain a peaceful, prosperous & independent Europe
Prevent spillover into Albania & Macedonia,thence to Greece & Turkey
Maintain NATO relationship with Russia and give it a role in helping end the crisis
Demonstrate European unity
Kosovo War Aims
Stop the Serbian slaughter & expulsion of ethnic Albanians
Remove Milosevic from power
Accomplish the above with minimal collateral damage and NATO casualties
Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives

31. Lessons Learned by U.S. Military
U.S. air refuelers were stretched thin during the operation
Force structure “numbers” & resources are inadequate for current level of commitments (all services); Support and training as important to victory as strike
Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as good enough, smart weapons may be better than smart platforms
Need the right force structure for the future
C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint & coalition ops
On the brink of another hollow force

32. Political Lessons Learned by Europeans
Militarily, Europe remains dependent on Americans
Best technology, weapons & platforms “Made in U.S.A.”
Pols unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique U.S. capabilities
U.S. cannot always be counted on to serve the Alliance’s interests
U.S. focus shifted with opinion polls
Fear U.S. commitment could falter if U.S. forces take heavy casualties
EU can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti Ahtisaari saves the day) Many foreign policy interests are similar among EU Nations
Refugee issue
Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing)
Threat of rising Islamic fundamentalism
Need to build external identity
Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain cohesion
German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945
Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition
Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air bases

33. Impact of Kosovo Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget Trends
No DOD/Allied spending surge like post Desert Storm
International defense market continues to shrink
Readiness & Retention will increasingly consume $$$$ for Modernization
Inevitable Tax Cut legislation will further erode DOD budgets
Services must eventually deal with the bow wave
Old platforms with smart weapons were good enough
Congress may balk at big bills for new platforms(JSF, F-22, CVX, DD-21)
Support Forces will need big $$$$ too
“We have to make a trade between smart weapons and platforms...We need to encourage the services to concentrate more on smart weapons.”
Jacques Gansler

34. Review of CFD Model
Distinctive Capabilities-Air and space expertise, capabilities, and technological know-how
Functions- Broad, fundamental, and continuing activities of air and space power
Doctrine- fundamental principles which military forces guide their actions in support of national objectives

35. CFD Model Time Period Distinctive Capabilities Functions (missions)
Doctrinal Emphasis
DESERT STORM
Air Superiority
Precision Engagement
Global Attack
Information Superiority
Agile Combat Support
Rapid Global Mobility
Strategic Attack
Air Refueling
Command and Control (C2)
Counterair
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Strategic air attack (precision weapons/stealth)
Suppress enemy air defenses
PROVIDE COMFORT/ NORTHERN WATCH
Airlift
Counter Air
Strategic attack
Protect northern Iraqi no fly zone
Humanitarian airdrops for refugees
SOUTHERN WATCH
Theater attack, of military targets
PROVIDE RELIEF/
RESTORE HOPE
Surveillance & Reconnaissance
Counter Air/Land
Airlift/Special Operations
AEF concept

36. CFD Model Time Period Distinctive Capabilities Functions (missions)
Doctrinal Emphasis
DENY FLIGHT
Air Superiority
Information Superiority
Agile Combat Support
Counterair
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Counterland
No defined doctrine
ALLIED FORCE
Precision Engagement
Strategic Attack
Intelligence
Strategic attacks on ethnic cleansing Serbs and military capabilities

37. Summary Background to the Conflict Iraqi threats Air Defense Threat
The Plan of Attack
Concept of Operations
Five Strategic Rings
Targets
Campaign Overview
Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue

38. Summary Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH
Background to conflict and lessons learned
Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
History of the Balkans
Background
Ethnic Groups

39. Summary Operation DENY FLIGHT Operation ALLIED FORCE CFD Review
Background to conflict and lessons learned
Operation ALLIED FORCE
Background
NATO Actions
Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
Lessons learned by U.S. Military
Political Lessons Learned
Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
CFD Review