1. Drones and Their Impact on You
15-Apr-17
Drones and Their Impact on You
A presentation by the
Advanced Information Assurance class (CS 536)
Fall Semester 2013
Unabridged Slides
www2.cs.uidaho.edu/~oman/CS536/CS536_F13_syllabus.htm

2. Presentation Outline Introductions, Overview, Purpose: Paul Oman
15-Apr-17
Presentation Outline
Introductions, Overview, Purpose: Paul Oman
Team Predator’s Parrot AR.Drone Study
Team Reaper’s Phantom Drone Study
Military Uses of Drone: Scott Amack
Law Enforcement Uses: Jacob Preston
Commercial & Civilian Uses: Maxine Major
Federal Laws Governing Drones: Nate Krussel
State Laws Governing Drones: Theora Rice
Recent Court Cases: Kyle Swenson
Drones And You: Paul Oman

3. Team Predator: The Parrot AR.Drone
$300 through Amazon
No assembly or experience needed
Runs on Android and IOS
Build in controls, camera
Uses WiFi for control, camera feeds
WiFi signal range; min. flight time
Weaponizable with up to ½ lb payload
Known hacks for hijacking, remote failures

4. Team Reaper: The Phantom Drone
~$1000 for package with GoPro camera and memory & battery upgrades
Some assembly, but no experience needed
Runs on proprietary controls; built in GPS
Upgradeable with undercarriage gimble
1000 meter range; 15 min. Flight time
Weaponizable with up to 2.2 lb payload
Custom hacks appear feasible

5. Scott Amack: Military Uses
British Kites (1806) dropped propaganda leaflets on the French coast
Austrian Balloons (1849) contributed to the collapse of the Venetian revolt
U.S. Civil War (1863) patents issued for unmanned aerial bombardment balloon
Nikola Tesla (1898) patent for remote bomb boat controls
U.S. Navy (1938) developed Curtiss "N2C-2“ remote controlled drone
Japanese Fire Balloons (1944) attack on U.S. with 6 confirmed deaths

6. Military (continued)
B-17 Flying Fortress (1946) remotely controlled for radiation monitoring
MQM-57 Falconer (1955) remote controlled reconnaissance drone
Model Ryan 147A/B (1962) remote reconnaissance flights over China and Vietnam for SAM detection (Chinese shot down 5)
Israel vs. Syria (1982) remote electronic decoys and jammers
DARPA Amber Project (1984) first inverted v-tail drone
Used for reconnaissance and intelligence
Prototype remote cruise missile

7. Military (continued) Predator (1994) developed from Amber Project
First mission Spring 1995 Albania
Initially created for reconnaissance
Weaponized later
Reaper (2001) designed for long endurance high altitude surveillance
Carries 15 times the payload of the predator
Increased fuel capacity for 37 hour flights
1st hunter-killer drone for tactical combat with variable armaments
Electronic jamming capability
3,682 mile range; up to 50,000 feet altitude

9. Military (continued) Predator/Reaper
Used to kill prominent Al-Qaeda & Taliban operatives
195 in operation (2009)
70 lost to air crashes
55 lost to operator error, equipment failure, or weather
4 have been shot down
11 lost to operational accidents on combat missions
Somewhere between 2000 and 4000 kills (depending upon who is counting)

10. Jacob Preston: Law Enforcement Uses
U.S. Border Patrol
10 Predator B Drones for US border surveillance
Loaner Program to other government agencies
Not armed (yet)
Plans to increase fleet to 24 drones w/ upgrades for “non-lethal weapons designed to immobilize targets of interest”
FBI – recently admitted using drones for surveillance within U.S.
DEA and ATF also have drones

11. USBP Concept of Operations
Pg 35 – CBP UAS CONOPS

12. Law Enforcement (continued)
Local law enforcement starting to use drones
Requires FAA approval under strict guidelines
North Dakota
Farmer refused to return cattle
Drone deployed for surveillance
Chris Dorner
Renegade LA Policeman
First manhunt by drones inside the U.S.

13. Law Enforcement (continued))
Good citizenship controversy
A hobbyist using a homemade UAV discovered the Colombia Meat Packing Plant (Dallas) was dumping its waste into the creek nearby.
UAV was operating within limits (below 400 ft and within line-of-sight)
Who will be prosecuted, the illegal dumper or the person who recorded the illegal activity?
What is illegal surveillance?

14. Maxine Major: Commercial & Civil Uses
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) governs Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), aka “drones”
“Currently, there are no means to obtain an authorization for commercial UAS operations”
Research uses can be authorized
2013 FAA Aerospace Forecast
“UASs are currently the most dynamic growth sector within the aviation industry.”
Largest near-term growth expected be in “Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems”
Developing plans to integrate civil UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS)
Predict 7,500 commercial small UASs by 2018

15. Commercial & Civil Uses (continued)
Only 2 FAA authorizations to date
Insitu’s ScanEagle
Monitors ice and whales in Alaska
Duration 24+ hours; speed 41 m/s
10 foot wingspan
Requires towable launcher
AeroVironment’s Puma
Used by NOAA at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Hand launched
Amphibious
Duration 2 hours; Range 15 km

16. Commercial & Civil Uses (continued)
Possible U.S. commercial applications
Filmmaking, advertizing, real estate
Emergency services: fires, floods, and other natural disasters, as well as search and rescue
Monitoring utilities (oil & gas pipelines, power lines)
Farming: fertilizer, pesticides, seeding
International applications
Brazil: monitoring soybean and sugar cane.
France: inspecting railroads
China: (experimental) parcel delivery
Austrialia, New Zealand, Japan: crop spraying
Volcano monitoring by NASA in Costa Rica, Caribbean, Ecuador
Octocopters used to deliver medicine to Haiti

17. Commercial & Civil Uses (continued)
Down-under farming
Yamaha RMAX RC helicopter spraying crops
Built in GPS
Requires UAV pilot certification
Idaho farming
Robert Blair (Kendrick, ID)
2006 Homemade RC kit with GoPro camera
Field inspections
FAA (now) requires (1) instrument pilot license, (2) flight physical, (3) manned flight following

18. Commercial & Civil Uses (continued)
“Dehogaflier” to hunt feral hogs in Louisiana.
$10,000 infrared camera attached to RC plane.
Drone uses infrared camera to find pig at night
Hunter uses night vision scope to kill the pig
Domino’s Pizza’s “Domicopter” a publicity stunt
Costa Concordia salvage exploration
PETA wants to use Octocopers to monitor animal rights

19. Nate Krussel: Federal Regulations
UAS commercial applications are BANNED by the FAA
Recreational, experimental, and research uses are allowed, providing…
Flights are kept below 400 feet above ground level
When flying a UAS for Business R&D FAA approval is required.
Certificates of Waiver of Authorization (COA) for (government owned) public aircraft
Experimental Category (SAC-EC) for civil aircraft

20. Federal Regulations (continued)
Daytime Operation in Visual Flight Rules
Pilot the aircraft in weather clear enough to see where the aircraft is going
Required “See and Avoid” other aircraft/objects
Range limited to Visual Line of Sight
Pilots must fly the UAS in line of sight, and should be able to easily maintain sight of UAS
No flights within 5 miles of airports
No UAV use above 400 AGL except with experimental category certificate

21. Federal Regulations (continued)
FAA plans to integrate UAS into existing flight regulations
Want to unify flight of all vehicles in air
Future of civil commercial UASs Undecided
Restricted to arctic regions for now
Research use only
Certificate required
60 to 90 days needed to process certificate request
Only 327 COA’s currently granted
They are expensive

22. Federal Regulations (continued)
Military applications in U.S. airspace
Must follow FAA and DOD rules and regulations
Weaponized drones have been used against U.S. citizens overseas
Weaponized drones aren’t supposed to be used on U.S citizens inside the U.S.
A March 4, 2013 letter from the AG to Congress did not rule out strikes against U.S. citizens in the U.S.
Law enforcement applications in U.S. airspace
Some states have passed legislation regulating drones, others are in proposal stage
Congress has ordered the FAA to change rules to make it easier for police to use drones

23. Federal Regulations (continued)
FAA soliciting proposals for 6 UAS test sites
24 states have applied
All applicants are public companies, but names are withheld during evaluation
Final decision in late 2013
Test site must be operational within six months of approval
(image: uas/media/UAS_testsite_map.pdf)

24. Federal Regulations (continued)
In summary…
For personal use, you can use a drone under 400 feet with no commercial intent (same as recreational RC planes)
For commercial use, there is none, except for R&D in the Arctic and with FAA certifications
In law enforcement, states are pushing for new laws
In the military, DOD rules and regulations apply

25. Theora Rice: State Regulations
Virginia (March, this year)
Idaho (April, this year)
Florida
Montana
North Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Hawaii
Alaska
Others in consideration

26. Idaho Legislation - Highlights
“Absent a warrant, and except for emergency response for safety, search and rescue or controlled substance investigations, no person, entity or state agency shall use an unmanned aircraft system to intentionally conduct surveillance of, gather evidence or collect information about, or photographically or electronically record specifically targeted persons or specifically targeted private property.”
“An owner of facilities located on lands owned by another under a valid easement, permit, license or other right of occupancy is not prohibited in this section from using an unmanned aircraft system to aerially inspect such facilities.”

27. Idaho Legislation - Highlights
Consequences:
Civil cause of action against surveillance perpetrator
Be entitled to gather damages, to the amount of $1000+, actual and general damages, and attorney/litigation costs

28. Other State Regulations
Running Table of States with Laws
Virginia – Prohibits use for any agency “having jurisdiction over criminal law enforcement or regulatory violations” until July
Florida – law enforcement may use if there is a warrant, terrorist threat, or swift action is needed
Montana – When information using UAVs can be admitted as evidence

29. Other State Regulations
Tennessee – law enforcement may use if there is a warrant, terrorist threat, or swift action is needed
Texas – Enumerates nineteen lawful uses
Hawaii – Allocates funds for professional unmanned aircraft systems pilot program
Alaska – Created a task force to review Federal Aviation Administration regulations on drones

30. Kyle Swenson: Court Cases
Court cases in the United States
ACLU vs. CIA
State of North Dakota v Rodney Brossart
International court cases
Al-Aulaqi vs. Obama
Al-Aulaqi vs. Panetta
Malik Noor Khan vs. Federation of Pakistan
Foundation for Fundamental Rights vs. Federation of Pakistan

31. U.S. Court Cases ACLU vs. CIA
FOIA request from ACLU seeking records on drones
CIA’s declined to either confirm or deny the existence of any records
ACLU argued that U.S. public officials (the President and CIA Director) had admitted the existence of the public records
U.S. District Court of Appeals ruled that the CIA must admit they have drone strike documents
They were required to give examples cited by public officials

32. U.S. Court Cases (continued)
North Dakota vs. Brossart (2006)
Started with an ownership dispute over 6 cows
Law enforcement used drones to determine if Brossart was armed prior to arrest raid
Brossart claimed UAS use was 4th Amendment violation
Court ruled against Brossart because…
UAS wasn’t used to determine if a crime was committed
UAS was used only after an arrest warrant was issued

33. International Court Cases
Al-Aulaqi vs. Obama
In April 2010, President Obama put Anwar Al-Aulaqi on a “targeted killing” list for his role in al-Qaeda
On August 30th, 2010 the ACLU and Center for Constitutional Rights filed suit in U.S. District Court on behalf of Nassar Al-Aulaqi, Anwar’s father
Anwar’s father challenged the government’s decision to authorize the targeted killing of his son
District Court dismissed the suit on procedural grounds, ruling that Nasser did not have legal standing to challenge the targeting of his son

34. International Court Cases (continued)
Al-Aulaqi vs. Panetta
Anwar Al-Aulaqi, a U.S. born Yemeni Imam and al-Qaeda Islamic militant, was killed with a U.S. drone strike in Yemen on 9/30/2011
Abdulrahman Al-Aulaqi, Anwar’s 16 year old son, also a U.S. citizen, and 2 other Yemenis were killed with a second U.S. drone strike on October 14, 2011
On July 12, 2012, the ACLU and Center for Constitutional Rights filed suit in U.S. District Court on behalf of Nassar (the father & grandfather of the deceased)
Case in ongoing
U.S. Dept. of Justice has moved to dismiss
DOJ recognizes that judicial review is required for electronic surveillance of overseas citizens
DOJ claims the U.S. Government should be immune from judicial review of targeted killings

35. International Court Cases (continued)
March 2011 drone strikes in Pakistan kill dozens at suspected Taliban meeting
Malik Noor Khan vs. Federation of Pakistan (ongoing)
Malik’s father, Malik Daud Khan was a tribal leader killed in the attack
Claims no affiliation with any terrorist organization, seeks compensation from Pakistani government
Foundation for Fundamental Rights vs. Federation of Pakistan
Public interest litigation on behalf of 8 people who lost family in the strikes
Peshawar High Court ruled that US drone strikes in Pakistan are…
Illegal breaches of national sovereignty
In blatant violation of basic human rights and the Geneva Conventions
The court also…
Ordered he Pakistani government to ensure drone strikes stop
Asked the U.S. to compensate all the victims’ families
Ruled that Pakistan had the legal obligation to stop drone strikes in Pakistan and have the right to retaliate and shoot down the drones

36. Paul Oman: Drones and You
There is no explicit “right to privacy” in the U.S. Constitution
UAS drones are cheap and easy to use
Who “owns” the airspace above your property?
Is it legal to hover a drone outside an upper story bedroom window?
Is surveying your property boundary an act of illegal surveillance?
Can you shoot down a drone over your own property?
What do courts do if/when the laws are ambiguous and contradictory?
What do government agencies do when inter-agency regulations conflict?