3. Prokaryote: no nucleus –Chromosome & plasmids float freely in cytoplasm Ribosomes: create proteins Flagella: used in movement Pili: act as anchors Capsule: outer coating Endospore: “cocoon” to protect DNA in harsh times

4. Many bacteria grow in colonies 3 Basic Shapes: 1) Bacillus = Rod 2) Coccus = Spherical 3) Spirillum = Spiral

5. Bacteria Reproduction Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells –Both cells have identical sets of DNA –Less genetic diversity Conjugation: process where DNA is exchanged –Cells connect by pili –DNA exchanged Creates genetic diversity Click pic

6. Nutrition Many Heterotrophs –Feed on living and dead matter & return nutrients to soil Some autotrophs –Cyanobacteria… Essential to healthy ecosystems

7. Obligate Anaerobic = cannot live in oxygen Facultative aerobic = can live with or without oxygen Obligate Aerobic = must live in oxygen The bacteria that causes TB lives in your lungs…which type is it?

8. Kingdoms of Bacteria

9. Live in extreme environments Offer glimpse of early earth 3 Main Categories: –1) Methanogens: methane producing –2) Halophiles: thrive in salty environments –3) Thermophiles: thrive in extreme heat (~230°F)

10. Kingdom Eubacteria Modern Bacteria Often identified by Gram Stain test –Gram negative: stains pink harder to treat because of extra outer layer –Gram positive: stains purple Treatments differ depending upon results

11. Gram + Gram -

12. Gram Stain Overview

14. 3.5 billion years ago!!!

15. Cyanobacteria are some of oldest living organisms on the planet!Cyanobacteria are some of oldest living organisms on the planet!

16. O2 Autotrophs: create O 2 during photosynthesis Evolutionary Importance –Early life lived in oceans (no ozone layer) –Cyanobacteria released O 2 into the atmosphere –Oxygen recombined into ozone in the stratosphere –Protective layer allowed life to evolve on land UV Ocean water Cyanobacteria O2 Ozone layer (O 3 ) develops over millions of years Uninhabited land UV

17. Helpful Bacteria Bacteria have been engineered for human uses: –Food: cheese, bread, yogurt, cabbage, sauerkraut –Medicine: antibiotics, insulin –Industry: insecticides, fuel, environmental cleanup

18. HEALTHY GINGIVITIS MODERATE PERIODONTITISADVANCED PERIODONTITIS

20. Name this bacteria shape!

22. Name these cell parts!

23. Name the process shown in this animation.