1. Ocean coasts support plant and animal life.
Section 4.1C

2. Ocean waters contain many environments.
Like the land, the ocean contains many different environments, each with its own special characteristics.
Almost 95% of the ocean remains unexplored.

3. Ocean organisms are organized into three groups according to the way they live.
BOTTOM DWELLERS: algae, seaweeds, crabs, corals, starfish, and shellfish
SWIMMERS: fish, dolphins, whales, and octopuses
FLOATERS (float at or near the surface): jellyfish, plants, animals, bacteria, protists

4. The shoreline supports many plants and animals.
INTERTIDAL ZONE: the narrow ocean margin between the high tide mark and the low tide mark
Conditions constantly change, so organisms must be able to survive both wet and dry periods and must withstand the force of crashing waves.

5. Intertidal Zone – Low Tide
At low tide, the intertidal zone is dry and exposed to direct sunlight
Organisms must be able to live out of water
They must also be able to tolerate the air temperature, which may differ from the temp. of the water.

6. Intertidal Zone – High Tide
At high tide, the intertidal zone is covered with water, so it is not exposed to direct sunlight.
Organisms must be able to live completely underwater and tolerate the temperature of the water.

7. Intertidal Zone – Tidal Pools
Areas along the shore where water remains at low tide
Plants and animals living here must survive drastic changes in salinity.
When sunlight causes water to evaporate, salinity increases; when rain falls, the salinity decreases.
Intertidal Zone

8. Fresh water and salt water meet on coasts.
Estuary – a shoreline area where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the ocean
The water in estuaries is not as salty as ocean water, nor as fresh as river water.
The salinity changes as the tide flows in and out.

9. Estuaries Estuaries are bursting with life.
Plants and animals thrive on nutrients washed in by rivers.
Worms and shellfish live along the bottom; microscopic organisms float in the water.
Many different kinds of birds and sea animals breed here.

10. Estuaries Roots and grasses offer protection for young fish.
These small fish and other animals are an important food source for larger fish and for birds.

11. Salt Marshes
Away from the equator, in cooler regions, grassy salt marshes are found along the edges of estuaries.
They help keep the shoreline from washing away and provide an important habitat for fish, birds, and other wildlife.

12. Salt Marshes
The rivers that flow into estuaries carry nutrient-rich soil.
When the rivers reach the sea, they drop the soil, which supports thick grasses.
The grasses form a protective barrier against waves, tides, and storms.
Thick root systems hold the muddy bottom together.

13. Salt Marshes Crabs, snails, and minnows thrive among the grasses.
Ospreys and other fish-eating birds find food in salt marshes.
Birds that migrate use salt marshes as rest stops when they fly back and forth each season.

14. Mangrove Forests
In tropical regions, the main coastal wetland is the mangrove forest.
It is a thick group of mangrove shrubs and trees.
The mangrove plants’ roots brace them against storms and waves.
Without protection of these plants, shorelines in tropical areas would be drastically changed by heavy storms.

15. Mangrove Forests
Living things: fiddler crabs, seaweeds, oysters, shrimp, snails
Mudskippers (climbing fish) climb mangrove roots to catch insects and crabs.
coastal biomes

16. Human activity affects shorelines.
Many people use coastlines and estuaries for recreation, such as boating, swimming, and fishing.
Human activity can harm the estuary environment:
Wetlands cleared for shrimp farms and raising crops
Areas filled in to make new land for houses and development
Industry and shipping disturb wildlife and alter the estuary habitat
Human waste and other sewage can drain into the water

17. Human activity affects shorelines.
Pollution occurring far away from the shore can affect the coast.
Rivers pass through farms and cities, pick up pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizers, oil, etc. then that water empties into the estuary.

18. Protecting shoreline environments.
Improved sewage treatment plants reduce the amount of human waste that ends up there.
Laws that restrict dumping help reduce pollution along shorelines.
Many states have shoreline sanctuaries where plants and animals are protected.
Human Impact