1. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 1 USPAS Accelerator Physics 2015 Old Dominion University Colliders, Luminosity, & Crabbing Todd Satogata (Jefferson Lab) / satogata@jlab.orgsatogata@jlab.org Vasiliy Morozov (Jefferson Lab) / morozov@jlab.orgmorozov@jlab.org Alex Castilla (ODU) / acast020@odu.eduacast020@odu.edu http://www.toddsatogata.net/2015-USPAS

2. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 2 Outline  Colliders  Why and where?  Issues  Accelerator Physics of Colliders  Event rate  Luminosity  Looking at the luminosity  Fixed target  Colliders: Gaussian bunches, head-on  Optimization knobs and complications  Hourglass effect  Crossing angle  Crabbing

3. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 3 Colliders  Where? Butchered slide from Steve Myers IPAC2012 New Orleans. STAR detector at RHIC, J.G. Cramer UW Colloquium 2002.

4. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 4 Colliders (2)  Why? www.businessinsider.comwww.businessinsider.com Laurent Egli. Because they are super cool!

5. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 5 Probing “small things” SUSY?? Weak nuclear force Proton and neutron Quarks, muon Nuclear states transitions Electron Transitions in the inner-shell atomic states Atomic states transitions Lattice vibration in solids (phonons) ??

6. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 6 Accelerator Basics of Colliders

7. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 7 Accelerator Basics of Colliders (2) *F. Zimmermann, SLAC Summer Institute (2012).

8. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 8 Shining Beam on a Fixed Target

9. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 9 Shining Beam on a Beam (Collider) target = moving beam!

10. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 10 Collider Luminosity

11. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 11 Luminosity of Gaussian Bunches https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiv ariate_normal_distribution

12. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 12 Luminosity of Gaussian Bunches (2)

13. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 13 Luminosity of Gaussian Bunches (3)

14. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 14 Luminosity of Gaussian Bunches (4)  Again, for identical beams, no crossing angle, no dispersion, no off-set. Is this “optimizable”? What happens to the bunch’s shape here?

15. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 15 Turning Knobs for Luminosity injector and beam-beam total beam current Reduction factor: hourglass effect, crossing angle… More a complication rather than a knob?

16. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 16 Hourglass Effect *Werner Herr, CAS-Lectures, Bulgaria (2010).

17. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 17 Hourglass Effect (2) “Enigmatic” dependency mentioned before!

18. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 18 A Bit More Interesting Case (Crossing Angle)  Reduce parasitic collisions.  Physical space for magnets.  Better detector resolution. s x

19. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 19 Rotating Reference Frames (for each bunch) s x

20. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 20 For the Distributions in the New Systems

21. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 21 For the Distributions in the New Systems (2)

22. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 22 Crossing Angle w/o Correction IP

23. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 23 *R. Palmer, SLAC-PUB-4707 (1988).. electrons protons The Crabbing Concept

24. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 24 RF Transverse Deflection

25. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 25 RF Transverse Deflection (special case)

26. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 26 Local Crab Crossing Correction IP

27. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 27 Jefferson Lab’s Medium Energy Electron-Ion Collider

28. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 28 The MEIC at JLab Y. Zhang, et al. arXiv:1209.0757v2 (2012). A. Accardi, et al. arXiv:1110.1031v1 (2011).

29. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 29 The MEIC Layout V. S. Morozov, MEIC study group (2013). IP’s IP Ions Electrons

30. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 30 The MEIC Luminosity Approach

31. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 31 MEIC Crabbing Requirements ParameterUnitsElectronProton GeV560 MHz750.0 mrad50 cm10 m3001400 MV1.358 High repetition. Big crossing angle.

32. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 32 Transverse Kick (e.g. 750 MHz SRFD) Electric FieldMagnetic Field

33. A. Castilla / January 2015 USPAS Accelerator Physics 33 Most of the Content Borrowed from  W. Herr “Concepts of luminosity for particle colliders” CAS-Lectures, Varna, Bulgaria 2010.  F. Zimmermann “LHC: The machine”, SLAC Summer Institute 2012.  J. G. Cramer “Surprises from RHIC” UW Phys. Dept. Colloquium 2002.  And many more…