1. Highest Energy e + e – Collider LEP at CERN 1989-2000 200 GeV ~4km radius First e + e – Collider ADA in Frascati 1961 0.2 GeV ~1m radius e + e – Colliders

2. First Beams: April 2007 Physics Runs: from Summer 2007 TOTEM pp, general purpose; HI LHCb: B-physics ALICE : HI  pp  s =14 TeV L=10 34 cm -2 s -1  Heavy ions CMS at LHC: 2007 Start CMS LHC Schedule Reconfirmed at CERN Council June 2003 ATLAS

3. HCAL Barrels Done: Installing HCAL Endcap and Muon CSCs in SX5 36 Muon CSCs successfully installed on YE-2,3. Avg. rate 6/day (planned 4/day). Cabling+commissioning. HE-1 complete, HE+ will be mounted in Q4 2003

4. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Bunch Crossing 10 34 cm -2 s -1 Luminosity 2835 Bunches/Beam 10 11 Protons/Bunch 14 TeV Proton Proton Collisions Parton Collisions Higgs Production 7.5 m (25 ns) ~10000 per day 4x10 7 Hz 10 9 Hz

5. LHC Magnets 9 Tesla field Dipoles separated by 20cm Cooled to superfluid liquid helium temperatures 20 km of magnets

6. LHC Magnets

7. LHC Detectors B-physics CP Violation Heavy Ions Quark-gluon plasma CMS ATLAS

8. LHC CERN Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland

9. LHC CMS Detector

10. LHC 300 foot shaft

11. LHC CMS Cavern (300 feet underground)

12. LHC

13. online system multi-level trigger filter out background reduce data volume level 1 - special hardware 40 MHz (80 TB/sec) level 2 - embedded processors level 3 - PCs 75 KHz (75 GB/sec) 5 KHz (5 GB/sec) 100 Hz (100-1000 MB/sec) data processing offline analysis, selection One of the four LHC detectors (CMS) Raw recording rate 0.1 – 1 GB/sec 3 - 8 PetaBytes / year LHC Computing: Different from Previous Experiment Generations

14. Tier2 Center Online System Offline Farm, CERN Computer France Center FNAL Center Italy Center UK Center Institut e Institute ~0.25TIPS Workstations 100–1000 MBytes/sec ~2.4 Gbits/sec 100 - 1000 Mbits/sec Bunch crossing per 25 nsecs. Event is ~1 MByte in size Physicists work on analysis “channels”. Processing power: ~200,000 of today’s fastest PCs Physics data cache ~PBytes/sec ~0.6 - 2.5 Gbits/sec Tier2 Center ~622 Mbits/sec Tier 0 +1 Tier 1 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier2 Center Tier 2 Experiment Regional Center Hierarchy (Worldwide Data Grid)

15. Production BW Growth of Int’l HENP Network Links (US-CERN Example) u Rate of Progress >> Moore’s Law. (US-CERN Example) è 9.6 kbps Analog(1985) è 64-256 kbps Digital (1989 - 1994) [X 7 – 27] è 1.5 Mbps Shared (1990-3; IBM) [X 160] è 2 -4 Mbps(1996-1998) [X 200- 400] è 12-20 Mbps (1999-2000) [X 1.2k-2k] è 155-310 Mbps (2001-2) [X 16k – 32k] è 622 Mbps(2002-3) [X 65k] è 2.5 Gbps (2003-4) [X 250k] è 10 Gbps (2005) [X 1M] u A factor of ~1M over a period of 1985-2005 (a factor of ~5k during 1995-2005) u HENP has become a leading applications driver, and also a co-developer of global networks

16. HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps Continuing the Trend: ~1000 Times Bandwidth Growth Per Decade; We are Rapidly Learning to Use Multi-Gbps Networks Dynamically

17. History – One large Research Site Current Traffic to ~400 Mbps; Projections: 0.5 to 24 Tbps by ~2012 Much of the Traffic: SLAC IN2P3/RAL/INFN; via ESnet+France; Abilene+CERN

18. Digital Divide Illustrated by Network Infrastructures: TERENA NREN Core Capacity Core capacity goes up in Large Steps: 10 to 20 Gbps; 2.5 to 10 Gbps; 0.6-1 to 2.5 Gbps Current In Two Years SE Europe, Medit., FSU, Middle East: Less Progress Based on Older Technologies (Below 0.15, 1.0 Gbps): Digital Divide Will Not Be Closed Source: TEREN A

19. The Global Lambda Integrated Facility for Research and Education (GLIF) u Virtual organization supports persistent data-intensive scientific research and middleware development on “LambdaGrids” u Grid applications “ride” on dynamically configured networks based on optical wavelengths. u Architecting an international LambdaGrid infrastructure