2. Atoms Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons Protons and neutrons are clustered as the nucleus Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells.

3. On the periodic table, you can find out several important facts about any of the elements. The atomic mass tells us the total number of particles in the nucleus.

4. atom molecule compound

5. Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Organic Compounds

6. Macromolecules come in 4 types. All macromolecules are organic which means they contain carbon and are produced by living things. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

7. Carbohydrates made up of 3 elements: carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. look like this in their simplest form. simple sugar or monosaccharide. mono = one saccharide = sugar used for energy called a disaccharide. Di = two

8. string a bunch of monosaccharides together you get a complex carbohydrate or polysaccharide: better known as starches and glycogen Most carbohydrates end in “-ose” e.g. fructose, lactose, dextrose, ribose, deoxyribose…

9. Lipids fats contain 3 elements; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. made of glycerol and fatty acids used for energy storage, protection, and compose the membranes of cells not soluble in water

10. Types of Lipids 1. wax 3. Unsaturated fats 2. Saturated fats

11. There are two kinds of fatty acids 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) Fatty Acids

12. Phospholipids hydrophilic hydrophobic Cell Membrane section

13. Proteins Proteins are composed of 4 elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Builds and maintains structure (muscles, connective tissues, hormones, …)

14. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. There are 20 different amino acids. Alanine Asparagine Aspartic acid Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Glycine Glutamic acid Histidine Isoleucine Lysine Leucine Phenylalanine Methionine Serine Proline Tryptophan Threonine Tyrosine Valine

15. Nucleic Acids The blueprint for living organisms; carries the genetic code/traits to offspring Two types: a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA -- double helix) b. ribonucleic acid (RNA -- single strand) Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

16. Nucleotides: - phosphate group - sugar (5 carbon) - nitrogenous bases adenine (A) thymine (T) – uracil (U) RNA cytosine (C) guanine (G)

18. Most chemical reactions occur in the presence of water.