1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 3

2. 2 Introduction 1.What is gender? (continued)

3. 3 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. generate examples of intersexuality and gender variance. 2. discuss the causes, symptoms, and therapeutic options for Turner’s syndrome and Androgen Insensitivity syndrome. 3. describe third genders identified in other cultures.

4. 4 Examples of intersexuality: What is gender? (continued)

5. 5 Results from a missing or damaged X chromosome (XO) in females.  Turner’s Syndrome Individuals with Turner’s syndrome develop female external genitalia, but do not develop functional ovaries. Incidence: 1/2500 – 1/5000 live births.

6. 6

7. 7 Symptoms: Short stature Webbed neck Lymphedema Shield shaped chest Widely-spaced nipples Low hairline Atypical ears Cubitus valgus Increased weight Reproductive sterility Amenorrhea Poor breast development Horseshoe kidney Visual impairments Cardiovascular malformations Spatial perception deficits

8. 8 Webbed neck Shield-shaped chest Widespread nipples Atypical ears An Infant with Turner’s Syndrome

9. 9 A Child with Turner’s Syndrome A = Webbed neck B = Cubitis valgus C = Lymphedema

10. 10 An Adult with Turner’s Syndrome

11. 11 Therapeutic options: Growth hormone, estrogen replacement therapy.

12. 12 Occurs among XY individuals whose cells are insensitive to androgens. Due to the presence of a Y chromosome, androgen- secreting testes develop in the fetus; however, the body does not respond to these androgens.  Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) As a result, external genitalia appear female. Prevalence: 1/13,000 – 1/65,000

13. 13 Symptoms: Amenorrhea Reproductive sterility Undescended testes Shortened vagina Little or no body hair Tend to exceed societal standards of beauty for females.

14. 14 Adults with AIS

15. 15 Therapeutic options: Masculinizing hormones are ineffective; vaginoplasty may be performed. Most individuals with AIS report satisfaction with a female gender identity.

16. 16 Examples of gender variance:

17. 17 The “Two-Spirit” of the First Nations

18. 18 The “Hijras” of India

19. 19 The “Muxe” of Mexico

20. 20 The Fa’afafine of Samoa

21. 21 Introduction 1.What is gender? (continued)