1. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 1 Corporate Perspective

2. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 2 Major Regulations Why Comply Use of the Intra / Internet for EHS Compliance ‘Coping’ strategies

3. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 3 Development of a rule Public opinionEnvironmental PAC’s CONGRESS Law EPA publishes final rule State Implementation Public discussion EPA publishes proposed rule

4. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 4 US Environmental Statutes 13 laws enacted by Congress Generalizations Associated Laws Laws enacted related to enforcement State laws that cover areas not addressed by Federal Laws Regulations Issued by agencies to provide for enforceable provisions to meet the Statutes. Published in the Federal Register and carries the weight of law. State and Local level regulations Federal Agencies may mandate enforcement at State Level Permits Application of Regulation Specifics to a Facility Common Law Typically involve some form of nuisance, trespass or negligence in the form of pollution Legal Framework

5. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 5 Cooperative Federalism- Federal Government establishes standards. states are delegated the responsibility of developing programs to implement and enforce the standards. Federal government has oversight on state programs and may take over. States may have more stringent requirements. Health over Economics- The early standards, such as CAA, were primarily health based, with little emphasis on economics or even technical feasibility. The Clean Air Act Amendments, while even broader, do take into consideration the best available technology. Prevention- Most standards developed with a philosophy of prevention. Costly- The laws are very expensive to implement. For example the cost of the CAAA is estimated to be $25 billion per year. Themes of Regulation

6. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 6 History of US Environmental Laws 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act Regulatory 1970 Clean Air Act 1970 Occupational Health and Safety Act Remedial 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Prevention and Management 1990 Pollution Prevention Act Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 Environmental Programs Assistance Act of 1984 Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, As Amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977 Clean Water Act National Environmental Education Act National Environmental Policy Act Noise Control Act of 1972 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Pollution Prosecution Act of 1990 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 Safe Drinking Water Act Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act of 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 Toxic Substances Control Act Other Statutes History

7. 1996 48 Star / VPP Rev GrdH2O Rules-U PB-Drink Water Chgs Ind Hyg Metals OSHA Fork Lift Reg Sanitary Sludge Regs CAA CFC Replac OSHA Fall Prot CAA112R PPE-OSHA New OSHA Rpt. OSHA Recording CAA-Emis Inv (NC) CAA-Permitting RCRA Land Ban CAA-ODC Labeling Confined Space Lock-Out/Tag-Out SARA 313 (Revised) ERT (1910.119) Proc Safety Mgmt Blood Borne Incin Emissions NC Air Toxics Rad NESHAPS Lab Safety Stormwater NPDES Opr Cert Emer Response RCRA Haz Waste Update Drinking Water PCB Regs UST Rules Groundwater Stds NPDES Permit OSHA Chem Exp NRC Relicensing Nitrosoamine Std HAZCOM Asbestos SARA/EPCRA Air Permits RCRA Part B HSWA TSCA 1997 54 EPCRA 313R Chg. Other Lower PELs ISA Methylene Chloride IH Std Other Potable Water Stds New Lab Rules Star /VPP Rev GrdH2O Rules-U PB-Drink Water Chgs Ind Hyg Metals OSHA Fork Lift Reg Sanitary Sludge Regs CAA CFC Replac OSHA Fall Prot CAA112R PPE-OSHA New OSHA Rpt. OSHA Recording CAA-Emis Inv (NC) CAA-Permitting RCRA Land Ban CAA-ODC Labeling Confined Space Lock-Out/Tag-Out SARA 313 (Revised) ERT (1910.119) Proc Safety Mgmt Blood Borne Incin Emissions NC Air Toxics Rad NESHAPS Lab Safety Stormwater NPDES Opr Cert Emer Response RCRA Haz Waste Update Drinking Water PCB Regs UST Rules Groundwater Stds NPDES Permit OSHA Chem Exp NRC Relicensing Nitrosoamine Std HAZCOM Asbestos SARA/EPCRA Air Permits RCRA Part A HSWA TSCA 1995 41 CAA CFC Replac OSHA Fall Prot CAA112R PPE-OSHA New OSHA Rpt. OSHA Recording CAA-Emis Inv (NC) CAA-Permitting RCRA Land Ban CAA-ODC Labeling Confined Space Lock-Out/Tag-Out SARA 313 (Revised) ERT (1910.119) Proc Safety Mgmt Blood Borne Incin Emissions NC Air Toxics Rad NESHAPS Lab Safety Stormwater NPDES Opr Cert Emer Response RCRA Haz Waste Update Drinking Water PCB Regs UST Rules Groundwater Stds NPDES Permit OSHA Chem Exp NRC Relicensing Nitrosoamine Std HAZCOM Asbestos SARA/EPCRA Air Permits RCRA Part B HSWA TSCA 1994 39 PPE-OSHA New OSHA Rpt. OSHA Recording CAA-Emis Inv (NC) CAA-Permitting RCRA Land Ban CAA-ODC Labeling Confined Space Lock-Out/Tag-Out SARA 313 (Revised) ERT (1910.119) Proc Safety Mgmt Blood Borne Incin Emissions NC Air Toxics Rad NESHAPS Lab Safety Stormwater NPDES Opr Cert Emer Response RCRA Haz Waste Update Drinking Water PCB Regs UST Rules Groundwater Stds NPDES Permit OSHA Chem Exp NRC Relicensing Nitrosoamine Std HAZCOM Asbestos SARA/EPCRA Air Permits RCRA Part B HSWA TSCA 1993 33 RCRA Land Ban CAA-ODC Labeling Confined Space Lock-Out/Tag-Out SARA 313 (Revised) ERT (1910.119) Proc Safety Mgmt Blood Borne Incin Emissions NC Air Toxics Rad NESHAPS Lab Safety Stormwater NPDES Opr Cert Emer Response RCRA Haz Waste Update Drinking Water PCB Regs UST Rules Groundwater Stds NPDES Permit OSHA Chem Exp NRC Relicensing Nitrosoamine Std HAZCOM Asbestos SARA/EPCRA Air Permits RCRA Part B HSWA TSCA 1992 29 SARA 313 (Revised) ERT (1910.120) Proc Safety Mgmt Blood Borne Incin Emissions NC Air Toxics Rad NESHAPS Lab Safety Stormwater NPDES Opr Cert Emer Response RCRA Haz Waste Update Drinking Water PCB Regs UST Rules Groundwater Stds NPDES Permit OSHA Chem Exp NRC Relicensing Nitrosoamine Std HAZCOM Asbestos SARA/EPCRA Air Permits RCRA Part B HSWA TSCA 1991 20 Lab Safety Stormwater NPDES Opr Cert Emer Response RCRA Haz Waste Update Drinking Water PCB Regs UST Rules Groundwater Stds NPDES Permit OSHA Chem Exp NRC Relicensing Nitrosoamine Std HAZCOM Asbestos SARA/EPCRA Air Permits RCRA Part B HSWA TSCA

8. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 8 Issued 1970 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Pollutants Emissions Permitting Best Available Control Technology Mobile Sources Regulated Clean Air Act

9. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 9 Amendments passed 1990 Requires permitting for smaller sources Nationwide permit system ‘Air Toxics’ now regulated Urban smog regulations Nation divided into attainment 7 non-attainment areas Controls on users of fossil fuels Attainment category influences which regulations apply to a facility Criteria Pollutants –NO x (ozone precursor) –SO 2 –Particulate Matter –CO –Lead –VOC (ozone precursor) CAA Amendments

10. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 10 CWA issued 1972 Established NPDES permit system Permitting required to discharge to sewers or for private waste water treatment systems Allowable discharge levels set by industry New regulations for testing and control on stormwater runoff ‘End of Pipe’ controls - new regulations changing to watershed quality standards Clean Water Act

11. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 11 RCRA issued 1976 Generator responsible for waste indefinitely ‘Listed Wastes’ are specifically named ‘Characteristic Wastes’ meet one or more categories: – Ignitable – Corrosive – Reactive – Toxic Generators must address storage on site, labeling, employee training, record keeping and manifest system to track waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

12. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 12 Toxic Substances Control Act TSCA issued 1976 Designed to list all chemical substances and to track adverse effects Before manufacturing, processing or distributing any chemical, must assure chemical on TSCA inventory Company must keep records of all allegations of adverse reactions Covers PCB’s and asbestos

13. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 13 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act: Superfund CERCLA enacted in 1980 to address past contamination problems Covers 400 substances with very low action levels Responsible parties perform cleanup or can be sued to recover cost of clean up by the federal government Liability is StrictJoint and Several RetroactivePerpetual Enforcement can include current and past owners, operators, generators and transporters

14. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 14 Superfund Authorization & Reauthorization Act SARA passed in 1986 to extend and expand CERCLA Increased citizen and state involvement Stringent cleanup standards 5 year review after cleanup with potential for more remedial action New regulatory program SARA Title III (EPCRA)

15. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 15 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act EPCRA issued after Bopal, India and Institute, WV. Union Carbide releases A way to inform the community of hazardous and toxic chemicals used by local industries Planning and Notification in Emergencies Thresholds for release notification Inventory reporting Toxic Release reporting (TRI)

16. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 16 Occupational Safety and Health OSHA issued 1970 Requires employers to furnish places of employment free of hazards Covers electrical safety, fire safety, personal exposure limits, HazCom and many other areas New/Pending regulations include Process Safety Management, Ergonomics, Reduced Exposure Limits

17. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 17 Worker Safety (OSHA) Air Standards (CAA) Waste Regulations Land Groundwater (RCRA) Water Standards (CWA) Raw MaterialsProductWasteAir Emissions Stormwater (NPDES) Solid Liquid (NPDES) (TSCA) Public Information (EPCRA) (CERCLA) (RMP) (TSCA) Remediation (CERCLA)

18. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 18 Major Regulations Why Comply Use of the Intra / Internet for EHS Compliance ‘Coping’ strategies

19. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 19 Goals 100+% Compliance with Laws Continued Progress toward Elimination of: –Workplace injuries –Waste and Emissions Cost Effective Cleanup of Remedial Sites Proactive Environmental Citizen

20. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 20 Benefits Tangible Cost Savings Cost Avoidance Prevent Civil and Criminal Charges Intangible Environmental Stewardship Employee satisfaction Community Relations

21. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 21 Costs Tangible $ For Fines $ For Remediation $ For Civil Penalties Jail Time Intangible Tarnished Brand Image Employee dissatisfaction Bad Neighbor Image

22. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 22 Major Regulations Why Comply Use of the Intra / Internet for EHS Compliance ‘Coping’ strategies

23. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 23 Internet for Compliance Information gathering Data Management / Analysis Information dissemination Scheduling tools Audit finding tracking Self assessment / Auditing tools Measurement summaries

24. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 24 Major Regulations Why Comply Use of the Intra / Internet for EHS Compliance ‘Management’ strategies

25. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 25 Avoidance Ignorance Litigation Management Strategies Compliance Cooperation

26. David W. Turner for Prof. Cutting /UNCW 11/2000 page 26 Cooperation VPP - Carolina Star Employee / Employer / Regulator Team Approach to Safety Invited OSHA Inspection Strict Criteria for Program Eligibility 19 Safety Program Elements Bottom Line A Safer Workplace