1. SELECTED TOPICS IN GENETIC DISORDERS.By
Dr Abiodun Mark Akanmode

3. Table of Content. INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS. TURNER SYNDROME.
KLINFELTER SYNDROME.
FAMILIAL HYPER CHOLESTEROLEMIA.
ALKAPTOURIA.
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

4. INTRODUCTION
Genetics is the science of genes, heredity and variations in living organisms.
Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior, patterns of inheritance from parent to off springs and gene distribution and variation.
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.

6. TURNER SYNDROME.

7. (45) (Monosomy X). Masculine Woman.
TURNER SYNDROME: XO
(45) (Monosomy X). Masculine Woman.
PATHOGENESIS: Many woman are only missing part of the other X chromosome  not the whole thing.(the second X chromosome is responsible for oogenesis and normal development of the ovary)
SYMPTOMS: No menarche, sterility
STREAK GONAD: Abnormal development of ovary, resulting in a fibrous streak.
Webbed neck
They are short.
Horseshoe kidney is often seen
Coarctation of Aorta seen in 15% of cases.
Bicuspid aortic valve
Cystic Hygroma (markedly distended lymphatic channels)
Hypothyroidism
Glucose intolerence, obesity
department of pathology

9. Turner syndrome - short stature, webbed neck,
broad shield-like chest with widely spaced nipples

10. Cystic Hygroma in Turner syndrome (18 weeks)
Streak gonads in Turner Syndrome
department of pathology

11. KLINEFELTER SYNDROME.

12. KLINEFELTER (XXY, XXXY, etc.)
Hypogonadism found at puberty
#1 cause of male infertility
NO retardation unless more X’s
47, XXY 82% of the time
L----O----N G legs, atrophic testes, small penis
SYMPTOMS: Gynecomastia, infertility, female pattern pubic hair, testicular atrophy.

15. FAMILIAL HYPER CHOLESTEROLEMIA.

16. FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA.
Cholesterol TRANSPORT across liver cell impaired
so CHOLESTEROL BUILDUP IN BLOOD
PATHOGENESIS: Defect in LDL-Receptor. Chromosome 19.
HETEROZYGOTE: Cholesterol around mg / dL
CHD by age 40.
HOMOZYGOTE: Cholesterol > 600 mg / dL
Die of MI by age 30.
SYMPTOMS:
Atherosclerosis at a very young age.
Xanthomas: Fatty benign tumors, resulting from accumulation of fat. Nodules of lipid-laden macrophages. (“FOAMY”)

18. ALKAPTOURIA.

19. ALKAPTONURIA
This is the first human inborn error of metabolism to be discovered.
It is an autosomal recessive disorder.
The enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase is lacking.
Thus homogenticic acid accumulates.
BLACK URINE
BLACK NAILS (OCHRONOSIS), SKIN
BLACK JOINT CARTILAGE (SEVERE ARTHRITIS)

21. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS.

22. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS: Development of Neurofibromas, benign tumors of Schwann cell origin
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE I: aka Von Recklinghausen Disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:Relatively common, 1/3500 persons.
PATHOGENESIS: defect in NF1 Gene, which codes for a GTP ase-Activating Protein (GAP), involved in regulation of the Ras protein.
Normally, the NF1 gene probably suppresses Ras. Defect allows Ras to continue unabated.

23. Neurofibromatosis 1 has three major features
1. Multiple neural tumors dispersed any where on or in the body ;
2. Numerous pigmented skin lesions, some of which are “ café au lait” spots and
3. Pigmented iris hamartomas, also called Lisch nodules.

24. Plexiform Neurofibromas are large, invasive neurofibromas.
SYMPTOMS:
Neurofibromas are soft Pedunculated tumors. There can be many or few of them.
Plexiform Neurofibromas are large, invasive neurofibromas.
NEUROFIBROSARCOMA appears in 3%-5% of patients, usually of plexiform type.
Cafe 'Au Lait Spots: Six or more such lesions, greater than 1.5cm each in adulthood.
Lisch Nodules: Pigmented nodules of iris, which are masses of melanocytes.
Skeletal lesions
Mental Status: Mild intellectual impairment sometimes, but not retardation.

26. Lisch Nodules in Iris
Iris Harmatomas

30. Muchas Gracias..Al final.