1. Emissions from Animal Production Systems John W. Worley

2. Odors and Emissions u The Science of Odors and Emissions u Emissions Control Strategies –Buildings and Storage Structures –Land Application Systems

3. Science of Odors and Emissions u Odors - the main reason you are here today u Emissions and Health –Effects are still being debated –Toxic Effects (H 2 S) –Depression –Ear, Nose, and Throat Problems u Odors are a Nuisance (Quality of Life)

4. Science of Odors and Emissions u Odor –54% of complaints from swine operations –50% from land application – At least 168 compounds in swine odor v NH 3, amines, H 2 S, VFA’s, indoles, skatole, phenols, mercaptans, alcohols, carbonyls

5. Science of Odors and Emissions u Greenhouse gases –CO 2, Methane u Acid Rain concerns (ammonia) u Dust u Pathogens u Flies

6. Science of Odors and Emissions u Movement and Dispersion –Several models available –Worst problem is night and early morning v Low airflow rates –Prevailing winds don’t always predict this effect –Setbacks are the main regulatory tool –Not enough scientific evidence to accurately determine setbacks

7. Science of Odors and Emissions u Measurement –Odor vs. Gas Measurement –Olfaction

8. Science of Odors and Emissions u Gas Measurement –Indicator Tubes –Ammonia and H 2 S meters –Cassette Tape system –Gas Chromatograph/Mass spectrometer (GC/MS) u Generally accurate, but expensive and are not a reliable predictor of odors

9. Science of Odors and Emissions u Olfactometry –Electronic Noses –Scentometer –Dynamic, triangular forced-choice olfactometer –Field Sniffer –Cotton Swatch

10. Science of Odors and Emissions u Olfactometry –Concentration –Intensity –Persistence –Hedonic Tone –Character or descriptor

11. Science of Odors and Emissions u Olfactometry –Uses real or simulated human noses –Some methods filter dust before measurement –Requires training –Expensive –Subjective

12. Science of Odors and Emissions u Dust Measurement –Gravimetric Methods (filters and impacters) –Particle Counters –Can add pathogen measurements by collecting particles on agar plate and incubating

13. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u General Management Strategies –Proper adjustment of feeders –Use of more efficient feeders –Keep surfaces (animal and facility) cleaned of manure and dry as possible –Keep fans and shutters clean (“odor episodes”)

14. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Dust and Odor –Dust absorbs and intensifies odors –Dust enables odors to travel further u Facility Siting –Models –Wind direction in early morning –Buffers

15. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Dietary Manipulation –For nutrient management –For odor control v Lower protein v Additives u Storage in under-floor pits (pull plug) –5 days –recharge water

16. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Lagoons –Precharge with water before startup –Load evenly –Fill pipes below water surface –Drain to 2nd stage and pump intake at least 1 ft. below surface (purple sulfur bacteria)

17. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Manure slurry storage structures –Cover v natural crust v straw v synthetic cover –Ozonation

18. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Natural Windbreaks –Rows of trees around storage pond v absorbs odors v disperses odors v screens view –Multistoried canopy gives best coverage

19. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Dry Manure Systems –Hoop or poultry house type structures –Odors generally not as objectionable –Bedding may act as a biofilter

20. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Biofilters –Biological Treatment of odors in exhaust –Contact Time is critical and difficult to achieve

21. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Windbreak Walls –Disperses exhaust stream –May remove some dust

22. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Washing Walls –Prototype worked well at low flow rate –Not effective at high airflows

23. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Biomass Filters –Similar to washing wall –Mainly for dust removal –Worked well at low rates –Untested at high rates

24. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Vegetable Oil Sprinkling –Keeps dust out of air –Improves atmosphere in building as well as exhaust air –Cleaning problem

25. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Ozonation –Oxidizes odorants –Improves inside air –Ozone levels –Currently expensive

26. Emission Control Strategies: Buildings and Storage Structures u Chemical or Biological Additives –Some seem to help –Difficult to quantify –Difficult to get repeatable results

27. Emission Control Strategies: Land Application Systems u Injection and Incorporation

28. Emission Control Strategies: Land Application Systems u Spray application –Large droplet size –Dilute with water –Drop spouts on center pivot –Careful Timing

29. Emission Control Strategies: Land Application Systems u Dry Manure –Compost before application (also homogenizes the mixture) –Possible chemical pretreatment –Careful Timing

30. Summary u Odor problems are real u Odors are hard to measure and are not predicted well by gas measurement u Olfactometry uses the human nose or a simulation of it u Approx. 200 compounds have been identified in swine odor u Most problems at night and early morning

31. Summary –Odors adhere to dust particles and are intensified by them –Removal of dust and/or dispersion of odor plumes should reduce odors –Cleaning fans –Keep manure either dry or submerged in water –Keep lagoons healthy (purple sulfur bacteria) –Natural windbreaks

32. Summary –Cover slurry storages (natural or synthetic) –Inject or incorporate if possible –Minimize drift (wind and droplet size) –Be sensitive to neighbors

33. Questions?