1. 1. Review of reproductive biology 2. Pollination Ecology On the Function of Flowers -precise placement -outcrossing -pollination syndromes -life cycle -variation in flowers

6. 1. Review of reproductive biology 2. Pollination Ecology On the Function of Flowers -precise placement -outcrossing -pollination syndromes -life cycle -variation in flowers

7. Three paths for pollen flow: selfing: 1. Within flower 2. Between flowers 3. outcrossing (between plants)

9. Red Maple Flowers staminate pistillate

12. Foxgloves and outcrossing

14. Female zone Male zone Bees fly up Then start over at the bottom Three components to outcrossing in foxglove 1. Young flowers are male, old are female 2. Young flowers are nearer the top 3. Bees fly up.

15. Primroses: Outcrossing with Heterostyly

16. syndromes

19. 1. Review of reproductive biology 2. Pollination Ecology On the Function of Flowers -precise placement -outcrossing -pollination syndromes -life cycle -variation in flowers

20. -pollination syndromes Hummingbird -- -long tube -red color -abundant nectar - no odor - no landing

26. -pollination syndromes Sphinx Moth -- -long tube -white color -abundant nectar - exquisite odor (periodic) - landing

28. evening primrose (Oenothera, Onagraceae)

29. Angraecum (Orchidaceae)

32. Angraecum sesquipedale © Esko Puupponen Xanthopan

34. -pollination syndromes Beetle -- two variants, nuptial chamber and painted bowl See Bernhardt 2000 to fix this slide and the next two.

35. The beetle pollination syndrome - nuptial-chamber variant Many stamens often with appendages Chamber to accommodate several animals Night-flowering Without markings Scent attractant for beetles

36. -pollination syndromes Carrion insect -- -contrasting light and dark pattern -brown-purple color -no nectar - foul odor

37. Carrion- insect flowers Wild ginger Jack in the pulpit wakerobin

39. Stapelia - African carrion-insect dispersed flower

40. -pollination syndromes Wind-- -no perianth -no nectar -imperfect flowers -abundant pollen -big stigmas

41. Grasses – family Poaceae (Gramineae)

42. Sparganium - wind- pollinated aquatic

43. -pollination syndromes Flowers that mimic insects -mate mimics -aggressive mimics

44. Ophrys pollination

46. 1. Review of reproductive biology 2. Pollination Ecology On the Function of Flowers -precise placement -outcrossing -pollination syndromes -life cycle -variation in flowers