1. Clinical Urine and Fluid Analysis Physical Examination of Urine

2. in physical examination of urine we'll deal with : -color -odor
-specific gravity

3. Figure. Urine specimens of varying color.
Physical Examination of Urine
Color :
Normal urine has a wide range of color, which is mainly determined by its concentration .
color may vary from a pale yellow to a
dark amber, There are, however,
many factors and constituents
that can alter the normal urine color.
These include medications and diet
as well as various chemical
that can be present in disease.
Figure. Urine specimens of varying color.

6. Although not routinely reported, foam may be a significant
Physical Examination of Urine
FOAM
Although not routinely reported, foam may be a significant
finding. A white stable foam that is formed upon agitating the
specimen can be seen in urine containing a moderate or large
amount of protein. Foam that is present in agitated urine
specimens may appear yellow to yellow–green if sufficient
amount of bilirubin is present. Other substances that alter
urine color usually do not alter the color of
foam that may be formed upon agitating
the specimen. The observance of foam
and its color should guide the technologist’s
interpretation of chemical tests and
selection of confirmatory procedures.
Figure. Foam in urine

7. Normal urine is usually clear but it may become cloudy due
Physical Examination of Urine
CLARITY
Normal urine is usually clear but it may become cloudy due
to the precipitation of amorphous phosphates in alkaline
urine, or amorphous urates in an acid urine. Amorphous
phosphates are a white precipitate which will dissolve when
acid is added. Amorphous urates frequently have a pink
color from urinary pigments, and they will dissolve if the
specimen is heated.
Urine can be cloudy from the presence of leukocytes or
epithelial cells. The presence of these cells can be confirmed
by microscopic examination of the sediment. Bacteria can
also cause cloudiness, especially if the specimen has been

8. Physical Examination of Urine

9. Normal odor of urine is …..
Physical Examination of Urine
ODOR
Although not routinely reported urine odor may be a significant
observation. Ketones smell sweet or fruity. A specimen
contaminated with bacteria may have a pungent
smell from the ammonia that is produced. The excretion of
“sweaty feet” odor is found in isovaleric acidemia or in
individuals who have excessive amounts of butyric or hexanoic
Acid .
Hypermethioninemia has been associated with a “rancid
butter” or “fishy” odor. Prolonged presence of any strong
unusual odor may be associated with inherited disorders.
Normal odor of urine is …..

10. causes of changes Color Oxidation of substances
Physical Examination of Urine
causes of changes
Color Oxidation of substances
Clarity Increased turbidity due to proliferation
of bacteria or precipitation of chemical
substances
Odor Increasing strength due to proliferation
of bacteria

11. Specific gravity and refractometer
Physical Examination of Urine
Specific gravity and refractometer
The specific gravity of urine is a messier of dissolved substances in a specimen .. Normal range is – 1.035
Specific gravity of urine can be tested by refractometry.

12. Physical Examination of Urine

13. Physical Examination of Urine
References : Graff’s Textbook of Routine Urinalysis and Body Fluids SECOND EDITION