2. In the 1800s, hospitals were often dangerous places. Many doctors didn't wear caps and gowns or wash their hands before they began to work. Doctors also hadn't discovered how to put people to sleep so a patient was usually awake during an operation. Some people died from the pain, but more often, they died from an infection, when germs got into their wounds. Back then, people believed that an infection was caused by something in the air.

7. “Father Of Modern Surgery" The hospital environment has not always been a place of sterility and extreme cleanliness that is associated with it so readily today. Prior to the work of Joseph Lister, the hospital was a place to go to die, not to be cured. If an individual was able to survive the pain and torture of surgery without anesthesia, a postoperative infection would most certainly be their ultimate demise. Thanks to Joseph Lister, a hospital is now a place of healing and cleanliness, not one of death and filth.

8. Doctor Joseph Lister spent many years trying to find out how to prevent infection. In 1869, Dr. Lister invented a pump to spray carbolic acid into the air in operating theaters. It wasn't very pleasant to work with, but the chemical killed the bugs and kept patients safer. 1869 Soon, other hospitals began to use carbolic acid and more and more people survived their operations. Joseph Lister, bug buster, had made an important discovery that saved many lives.

11. Carbolic Acid is produced when phenol reacts with water……………. + H2O OHO ─ + H3O +

14. OH CH3 Cl 3HC OH (CH2) 5 CH3 4 – chloro – 3,5 – dimethylphenol 4 - hexylresorcinol

15. Because of Joseph Lister’s contribution to science, specifically in the field of medicine…. The first company that produces health care and hygiene products was name after him to give him recognition for his works.

19. OH An “alcohol – like” compounds that have the hydroxyl group bound to a benzene ring.

21. Phenol is derived from the old name for benzene (phene), to include the suffix that indicates it possesses a hydroxyl group (ol). CAUTION: The word phenol (C 6 H 5 -OH) is often confused with phenyl (C 6 H 5 -). Phenols are acidic and are important intermediates in the preparation of aryl ethers, C 6 H 5 -OR.

23. Phenol may be found as a translucent, clear, or light-pink crystalline mass; a white powder, or a clear liquid. It has a sweet, sharp odor or medicinal odor. Addition of small amount of water causes the solid to liquefy at room temperature. Phenol is used in many commercially available products including plastics, resins, fertilizers, paints, photographic developers, and some medicines.

24. NAME Melting pointBoiling Point Solubility g/100ml at 25°C Phenol41°C182°C11.3g Methanol ─ 97°C 65°CAny amount Description: Phenol is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance. It is a colorless-to-white solid when pure. The commercial product is a liquid. Phenol has a distinct odor that is sickeningly sweet and tarry. You can taste and smell phenol at levels lower than those that are associated with harmful effects. Phenol evaporates more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form a solution with water. Warning properties: pungent odor is usually adequate to warn of acute exposure ingestion can be fatal. Flammability: nonflammable

28. OH OCH3 CH2 – CH ═ CH2 EUGENOL / Cloves

30. OH OCH3 CH ═ CH – CH3 ISOEUGENOL/NUTMEG

34. OH OCH3 H – C ═ O VANILLIN

36. OH CH – CH3 CH3 3HC THYMOL / THYME MINT

38. C – O – CH3 O OH METHYL SALICYLATE

40. C CH3 OCH3 Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) 2 – t – butyl – 4 - methoxyphenol

41. OH C C CH3 3HC Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) 2,6 – di – t – butyl – 4 - methylphenol

44. C – OH O OH

45. O - phenylphenol CH2 OH Cl 2 – benzyl – 4 - chlorophenol

53.  When a single hydrogen of the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxyl, the compound can be named as a derivative of benzene or simply PHENOL.  A number of phenol derivatives are known by common names that are also IUPAC – accepted and are used preferentially over other possibilities.  Compounds formed by replacing a hydrogen of benzene with more complex hydrocarbon group can be named by designating the benzene ring as substituent.  We called them phenyl group.  When two groups are attached to a benzene ring, three isomeric structures are possible. They can be designated by the prefixes ortho (o), meta (m), and para (p):  When two or more groups are attached to a benzene ring, their positions can be indicated by numbering the carbon atoms of the ring so as to obtain the lowest possible numbers for the attachment positions.  Group that comes first in alphabetical order is given the lower number.

54. OH CH3 3HCOH CH3CH2 2ON NO2 HO C6H5C6H5 C6H5C6H5 C6H5C6H5 OHBr Cl 2,3,4 - triphenylphenol 2 – ethyl – 4,5 - dinitrophenol 3 – bromo – 5 – chlorophenol 3,4,5 - trimethylphenol

55. OH PhenolCathecolResorcinol Hydroquinone

56. OH CH3 P – methylphenol OH Br Cl 2 – bromo – 5 – chlorohydroquinone OH CH3CH2 5 – ethylresorcinol OH HO NO22ON 3,5 - dinitrocathecol

59. OH