1. 1 Heat Treatment Considerations Before – After Ole Dosland Director of Technical Training & E-Learning

2. 2 History of Heat Early 1900’s Gaining Popularity Considerations Evolving

3. 3 Temperature Insect Response Zone Lethal Sub-optimum Optimum Sub-optimum Lethal Temperature 120°F to 140°F 110°F to 115°F 95°F to 100°F 75°F to 90°F 65°F to 70°F 55°F to 60°F 35°F to 45°F -5°F to 10°F -20°F to -10°F Insect Response Death in minutes Death in hours Development stops Maximum development Development slows Development stops Death in weeks Most S.P.I’s die Death in minutes, insects freeze

4. 4 Heat Treatment F 120°F. to 140°F. Target Zone F Lower Humidity Likely –As temperature increases, humidity decreases. F Lethal Target Zone for Insects

5. 5 Heat Sterilization F 160°F +++++ F Quicker Insect Kill F Microbial Reduction F Harder on Equipment & Structures

6. 6 Heat Treatment Duration F When temperature reaches 125°F. + for 2 hours, the mission has been accomplished. – Ambient, internal or external ??? » Wherever the insect is at. structural F Typical structural heat treatment duration – Set up & heat up (8 – 12 hours) – Hold temperature (24 – 36 hours) – Cool down (< 8 – 12 hours)

7. 7 Heat Treatment Duration F When temperature reaches 125°F. + for 2 hours, the mission has been accomplished. – Ambient, internal or external ??? » Wherever the insect is at. equipment F Typical equipment heat treatment duration – Set up & heat up (4 - 6 hours) – Hold temperature (8 - 16 hours) – Cool down (< 4 - 6 hours)

8. 8 Heat Treatment Duration F When temperature reaches 125°F. + for 2 hours, the mission has been accomplished. – Wherever the insect is at. – Time is not as important as the temperature. F Inside the walls F Inside the equipment F Inside the bins Know your temperatures.

9. 9 Heat Treatment Considerations Before F Planning Team –determine “what” to heat with “what”, and “when” monitored by “who” –start a couple of months prior to a heat up –identify concerns for investigation & action »check with suppliers l get answers, make sure, do small tests conduct progress meetings

10. 10 F Equipment considerations –sprinkler heads, fire protection system –mercury vapor lights –sensitive electrical »computers –belt drives –lubricants –wood sifters Heat Treatment Considerations Before

11. 11 F Removal of certain items –aerosol cans /pressured cylinders –fire extinguishers –sensitive ingredients, vitamins –packaging materials –sensitive electronics Heat Treatment Considerations Before

12. 12 F Remove most food products “The performance characteristic of the food will likely change when exposed to these temperatures and time. Wheat does not mill as well. Flour does not bake as well and we know what happens to chocolate.” F Things do dry out Heat Treatment Considerations Before

13. 13 F Preparation immediate to a heat up – cleaning – seal building – insecticide residual application – placing air circulators and heaters – placing thermometers and hygrometers – placing insect test cages – placard warning on entry doors Heat Treatment Considerations Before

14. 14 F Monitoring during a heat treatment –Buddy system - pairs » Keep an eye on the place AND each other –Data collection »Temperature and Humidity l Remote minimizes time in the heat »Insect mortality Heat Treatment Considerations During

15. 15 Buddy System

16. 16 F Worker Safety Provisions – clothing, no metal » buttons, glasses, etc. – established routes with flashlights – rest area with first aid, emergency phone numbers – cool vests available for emergencies F Monitoring, adjusting heaters, fans and reporting activities are necessary Heat Treatment Considerations During

17. 17 F Cool down F Collection of monitoring equipment F Operational start up –Process flush out … insect fragments may be high F Look for –plastic material sagging –leaks – lubricants, seals –peeling of old paint –dead insect accumulations lead to unknown sources Heat Treatment Considerations After Document for Future Reference

18. 18 Resources F Internal F Outside Services –“Think Outside The Box”

19. 19 F Rule of the “E’s” – 1. Experiment and Learn – 2. Become Effective and Efficacious – 3. Become Efficient and Economical Heat Treatment Considerations

20. 20 WARNING HEAT STRESS AREA

21. 21 A Heat Treatment Profile Average temperature by floor Temperature (Deg. F) Time Lethal Duration

22. 22 Is there a temperature difference inside equipment during a heat treatment? Heat Treatment Considerations A slight difference and a cool down delay does exist.

23. 23 A Heat Treatment Experiment Average temperature inside and outside sifters Temperature (Deg. F)

24. 24 Heat Treatment Experiment Flour Beetle Mortality Inside sifters Percent

25. 25 Heat Treatment Experiment Flour Beetle Mortality Inside Sifters Percent

26. 26 Summary F Heat is Effective! F Heat Supports IPM! F Heat is a Back to Future Concept! F Be Prepared! F Better Than Some Alternatives = Heat Treatment Considerations

27. 27 Information or Knowledge F Information Overload? F One Must Make Some Knowledge Out Of The Information – Or be overloaded

28. 28 Yes, Thank You Are We Done Yet?