2. The Life Cycle P
Drosophila Lifecycle.

3. Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Mecoptera
Siphonoptera
Strepsiptera
Diptera
~250 Mya

4. Nematocera
Brachycera
Muscomorpha
Cyclorrhapha
Schizophora
Calyptrata
Acalyptrata

5. Camillidae
Steganinae
Cladocheata etc
Zaprionus etc
s.g. Drosophila
Chymomyza etc
s.g. Sophopora

15. Drosophila melanogaster subgroup
Drosophila melanogaster - cosmopolitan
Drosophila simulans - cosmopolitan
Drosophila mauritiana - Mauritius
Drosophila sechellia - Seychelles -1981
Drosophila yakuba - Equatorial Africa
Drosophila santomea - Sao Tome
Drosophila teissieri - Equatorial Africa
Drosophila erecta - Central West Africa
Drosophila orena - Cameroons

18. mel f x sim m sim f x mel m
Viable, sterile f Viable, sterile m
Larval lethal m Embryo lethal f
aabb
AAbb x aaBB
AaBb
Hmr allele of melanogaster (transcription factor)
Lhr allele of simulans (chromatin binding protein)

21. “Eventually, the story of the chromosomal mechanisms and its evolution will have to be entirely rewritten in molecular terms.” Michael White, 1973, Animal Cytology & Evolution, 2nd edition.

24. Paracentric inversions are the most common rearrangement
Segregating in 106 out 183 species.
- 57% - (Powell 1997).
inversions have
become fixed during the evolution
of the genus (Clayton & Guest 1986).

25. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
a b j i h g f e d c k l m n o p q r s t
a b j l o n m l k c d e f h i p q r s t
a b c d e f g h i o n m l k j p q r s t
a b k l m n o i h g f e d c j p q r s t

27. 12 genomes have been sequenced in the genus Drosophila

33. 1. 2. 3. Ectopic recombination between homologous fragments of DNA
( Cáceres et al. Science 1999 )

35. 3R of D. melanogaster 3R of D. simulans ~450 Kb ~280 Kb 84F1 93F6-7
BACs
BACR16N15
BACR42I20
BACR08K01
BACR07M14
BACR45A07
3R of D. melanogaster
centromere
telomere
84F1
93F6-7
centromere
telomere
3R of D. simulans

38. Inversion-mediated duplications can result from
staggered isochromatid breaks & repair. F G H I J K 5' 3' A B C D E 5' 3' 3' 5' 3' 5' 5' 3' 3' 5' 5' 3' 5' 3' 3' 5' A B C D I H G F E D C B I J K 5' 3' 5' 3' 3' 5' 3' 5' 3' 5'

41. Lemeunier & Ashburner, 1976

42. BLAST-N of D. mel 3R transcripts against D. yak 3R
J. Ranz, C. Bergman & M. Ashburner

45. Flanking duplications are a common by-product
of the genome reorganization between
D. melanogaster and D. yakuba. 20 9
with
without

46. Most inversions occurred in the D. yakuba lineage
1 ( 3.4 % )
28 ( 96.6 % )
D. melanogaster
D. yakuba
outgroup species 1:
A-B
A]-----[B
A-B 2:
A]-----[B
A-B
A-B

49. Large-scale comparison of the gene order between
D. melanogaster and D. yakuba.
55 breakpoints = 12 + 22 + 9 + 12
29 inversions
Breakpoints
Mb Myr

52. Cluster gram based on the number of breakpoints that correspond to inversions

56. Genes within genes within genes

57. Number of antisense/sense overlapping pairs of genes in D. melanogaster

58. D. melanogaster is different from H. sapiens.
RIKEN Group and FANTOM Consortium, Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome. Science (5740)

66. Casey Bergman (Manchester). Marcin von Grotthuss (Cambridge).
Thanks to:
Jose Ranz (Cambridge).
Casey Bergman (Manchester).
Marcin von Grotthuss (Cambridge).
Karen Eilbeck & Suzi Lewis (Berkeley).
Lincoln Stein (CSGL) & Richard Durbin (WTGC)
Hadi Quesneville (Paris).
The MRC for 25 years of continuous funding.
The BBSRC for a grant to Jose.
EMBO for support to Marcin.
The Royal Society for a Fellowship to Casey.

69. Annotation Depth of knowledge Breadth of knowledge
Detailed analysis (typically biological) of single genes
Annotated genome
Depth of knowledge
Large-scale analysis (typically computational) of entire genome
Breadth of knowledge

71. Assemblies from the 12 ongoing Drosophila sequencing projects are available right now