1. IPM IN THE ROSE GARDEN Baldo Villegas Entomologist; ARS Master Rosarian Sacramento, CA USDA (Zone 8/9)

2. An America Rose Society Presentation ©2005

3. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) IPM is an environmentally sound integration of all control methods to control pest populations below economic or damaging levels

4. IPM STRATEGIES u Prevention u Pest & Symptom Identification u Regular Survey for Presence, Symptoms, Damage Caused by the Pests u Establish Action Thresholds & Guidelines

5. IPM METHODS Cultural Control Mechanical & Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control

6. CULTURAL CONTROL u Growing healthy plants u Buying pest-free plant materials u Choosing resistant varieties u Choosing the planting site u Fertilization - too much or too little u Sanitation - removal of infected plant materials u Watering methods

7. MECHANICAL & PHYSICAL CONTROL u Barriers - Copper banding for snails/slugs u Mulching - For weed control & water conservation u Solarization of Soil - For control of weeds and soil borne diseases u Hosing & Syringing - For control of aphids & spider mites, etc. u Handpicking & Crushing - For many large insects and beetles u Hoeing - For weed control u Trapping - Pheromone traps, sticky traps, etc.

8. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL u Parasitoids - Parasitic flies & wasps u Predators - Lady beetles & lacewings u Diseases - Fungal, bacterial and viral diseases for insect control; beneficial nematodes

9. CHEMICAL CONTROL u Inorganic Pesticides - Derived from elemental sources: sulfur u Organic Pesticides - Synthetic pesticides further classified by chemical families and modes of action. u Botanical Pesticides - Derived from plant materials: pyrethrum, rotenone, rynia, bioneem, pepper oil, etc. u Microbial Pesticides - Derived from microbial organisms: Bacillus thuringienses

10. TYPE OF PESTICIDES u INSECTICIDES – For INSECT pests like aphids, beetles, caterpillars, and may include mites u MITICIDES (ACARICIDES) – For MITE pests like spider mites and blister mites u FUNGICIDES – For FUNGAL PATHOGENS like powdery mildew, rust, blackspot u BACTERICIDES – For BACTERIAL PATHOGENS like crown gall u MOLLUSCICIDES – For MOLLUSK pests like snails and slugs u RODENTICIDES - For RODENT pests like mice u HERBICIDES – For WEED pests such as grass & broadleaf plants

11. INSECTICIDES - Mode of Action u SYSTEMIC - Absorbed by the plant system via foliage or roots to build up concentration levels in the sap that causes death to insects upon ingestion u STOMACH - Is toxic and lethal when ingested by the insect u CONTACT - Kills on contact with external body of insect u RESIDUAL - Remains toxic to insects long after application u FUMIGANT - Volatile enough to be inhaled by the insect in lethal doses u REPELLENT - Distasteful to insects making them avoid treated areas

12. FUNGICIDES - Mode of Action u PROTECTANT - Applied before infection of fungus spores u ERADICANT - Applied after infections appear and kills on contact u SYSTEMIC - Translocated by leaves and roots and distributed in the plant to prevent infection

13. TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES u TOXICITY means "how poisonous" u The commonly used measure of oral and dermal toxicity is LD50 (LD means Lethal Dose) and values are measured from "0" up. The lower the LD50 - the more poisonous the chemical u EXAMPLE: A Dermal LD50 of 0-200 mg/kg is more toxic than that of >20,000 mg/kg

14. SIGNAL WORDS u POISON: Highly Toxic – like Nicotine Sulfate u DANGER: Highly Toxic – like Funginex (Triforine) & Vendex u WARNING: Moderately Toxic – like Roundup u CAUTION: Slightly Toxic - Many botanicals & microbial pesticides

15. FUNGICIDES

16. INSECTICIDES

17. HOW PESTICIDES ENTER THE BODY u ORAL - Pesticides can enter your mouth. Avoid eating or smoking during mixing or during and after spraying. u DERMAL - Pesticides can be absorbed through the skin. Avoid wearing pesticide soaked clothing; Avoid direct contact with the concentrated form of the pesticide. u INHALATION - Pesticides in the form of dusts, spray mist or fumes can be drawn into the lungs. Avoid inhaling wettable powders dusts, granules, or other dry pesticide formulations.

18. PESTICIDES – CORRECT USE u Always use the pesticide according to its label u Always read and understand the label thoroughly u Never recommend the use of restricted chemicals! u Always abide by the pesticide regulations in YOUR STATE

19. Keep Records

20. Store Your Pesticides Properly

21. Test Your Respirator

22. Use Proper Protection

23. Be Careful When Handling Pesticide Concentrates

24. Proper Protection When Spraying

25. Spraying Pesticides

27. IPM IN THE HOME GARDEN u Establish damage levels for your own garden u Make observations and record them u Correctly identify the pest u Take the appropriate action; sometimes the appropriate action is no action

28. The End