1. Chemistry

2. Alkane

3. Session objectives Methods of preparation Kolbe’s electrolysis
Physical Properties and Chemical properties
Halogenation
Refining of petroleum
Octane number

4. General characteristics of alkene
Paraffins
General formula CnH2n+2
sp3 hybridisation
C–C bond length A0
Chemically unreactive

5. Methods of preparation
Wurtz reaction
Follow mainly free radical mechanism
Useful in preparing an alkane containing even number of carbon atoms
Stepping up reaction

6. Frankland reaction

7. Decarboxylation of sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid
For example

8. Kolbe’s electrolysis
At anode

9. Kolbe’s electrolysis
For example
At anode

10. From Grignard reagent (RMgX)
From unsaturated hydrocarbons Sabatier-Senderens reduction

11. Methods of preparation
From alkyl halides
R – I > R – Br > R – Cl > R – F
From aluminium carbide
Corey House reaction

12. Physical Properties
Boiling point:

13. Physical Properties Melting point:
Zigzag arrangement of carbon atoms in alkanes

14. Physical Properties (a) Alkane having even carbon atom
Symmetrical –higher melting point
(a) Alkane having odd carbon atom
unsymmetrical – lower melting point

15. Chemical properties Combustion Oxidation Halogenation
CH4 + Cl CH3Cl + HCl

16. Mechanism
Initiation
Propagation
Termination

17. Features of Halogenation
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2.
Attack of or on an alkane is selective
Order of reactivity is 3° > 2° > 1°

18. Features of Halogenation

19. Features of Halogenation
Nitration

20. Features of Halogenation
Sulphonation
Isomerization

21. Features of Halogenation
Aromatization

22. Refining of petroleum Sources of hydrocarbons Petroleum
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Coal
Aromatic hydrocarbons

23. Approximate composition
Refining of petroleum
Fraction
Boiling range
Approximate composition
uses
Gaseous
113 to 303 K
C1 - C5 (2%)
For producing carbon black and in preparation of ammonia, methyl alcohol and gasoline.
Petroleum ether or Ligroin
303 to 363
C5 - C7 (2%)
solvent for oils, fats, rubber and in dry cleaning.
Gasoline or petrol
343 to 473
C7 - C12 (32%)
Mainly as a motor fuel.

24. Approximate composition
Refining of petroleum
Fraction
Boiling range
Approximate composition
uses
Kerosene
448 to 548
C12 - C15(18%)
Illuminant fuel and for preparing petrol gas.
Gas oil, fuel oil and diesel oil
523 to 673
C15 - C18(20%)
In furnace oil, fuel for diesel engines and in cracking.
Lubricating oils and petroleum jelly
623 and up
C16 and up
Used mainly as lubricants.

25. Cracking

26. Synthetic petrol
Fischer-Tropsch process
Bergius process

27. Octane number
Percentage by volume of iso-octane in the mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane which has the same anti-knocking qualities as the fuel under examination.

28. Octane number
Straight chain alkanes have low octane numbers. The greater the length of the chain, lower is the octane number.
Straight chain alkenes and alkynes, and also cyclic alkanes have higher octane numbers than their corresponding alkanes.
Branched chain hydrocarbons have high octane numbers.
Aromatic hydrocarbons have very high octane numbers.

29. Class exercise

30. Class exercise 1
Ethyl iodide + n-propyl iodide mixture of hydrocarbon. Which of the following hydrocarbons will not be formed? (a) Butene (b) n-hexane (c) n-pentane (d) n-butane

31. Solution
Hence, the answer is (a).

32. Class exercise 2
Product is
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (a).

33. Class exercise 3
Which of the following carbides are used in preparation of methane by action of water?
(a) CaC2 (b) Al4C3 (c) Si C (d) All of these
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (b).

34. Class exercise 4
Which of the following reactions will give maximum yield?
Solution:
Reaction proceeds via free radical mechanism and excess of C2H6 is needed as it forms various products.
Hence, the answer is (b).

35. Class exercise 5
Which of the following compounds will have the highest heat of combustion?
C3H6 (b) C5H12 (c) C6H14 (d) C10H22
Solution:
It has highest number of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Hence, the answer is (d).

36. Class exercise 6
Which of the following reactions will give unsymmetrical alkanes in good yield?
(a) Frankland reaction (b) Wurtz reaction (c) Corey House reaction (d) All of these
Solution:
Frankland and Wurtz reaction gives alkane having even number of carbon atoms.
Hence, the answer is (c).

37. Class exercise 7 Which of the following is true for above reaction?
(a) Compound X and Y are formed in equal quantities
(b) Compound Y is formed in excess
(c) Compound X is formed in excess
(d) None of these

38. Solution
Hence, the answer is (b).

39. Class exercise 8
The monochlorination of an alkane (molecular formula C8H18) gives only one product. The IUPAC name of alkane is
(a) neo octane (b) iso octane (c) 2, 2, 3-trimethylpentane (d) 2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethylbutane
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (d).

40. Class exercise 9
Hydrolysis of calcium carbide gives a solution with pH
(a) 0 (b) < 7 (c) > 7 (d) 3
Solution:
pH is more than 7 due to formation of Ca(OH)2.
Hence, the answer is (c).

41. Class exercise 10 Sodium benzoate + sodia lime X. X is
ethane (b) benzene (c) ethene (d) propane
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (b).

42. Thank you