1. Structure , Bonds and Molecules
CARBON
Structure , Bonds and Molecules

2. HYDROCARBONS
Compounds that contain the elements HYDROGEN AND CARBON

3. Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS
As you add more carbon to the hydrocarbon, the molecule becomes heavier and properties change.

4. Uses methane CH4 16 -182 -162 gas ethane C2H6 30 -183 -88.6 propane
Name
Molecular Formula
Molecular Mass
Melting Point (oC)
Boiling Point (oC)
State
Density
Uses
methane
CH4 16
-182
-162
gas
natural gas (fuel)
ethane
C2H6 30
-183
-88.6
propane
C3H8 44
-188
-42.1
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bottled gas (fuel)
butane
C4H10 58
-138
-0.5
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), cigarette lighters (fuel)
pentane
C5H12 72
-130
36.1
liquid
0.626
petrol (fuel)
hexane
C6H14 86
-95.3
68.7
0.659
decane
C10H22
142
-30
174
0.730
hexadecane
C16H34
226
18.5
288
0.775
diesel fuel & heating oil
eicosane
C20H42
282 36
343
solid

5. Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS
How do we separate the different weights so we can use them?
Fractional distillation.
VIDEO – REAL PLAYER

6. Organic Molecules: Hydrocarbons
How do we use MANY hydrocarbons? COMBUSTION
Burning coal: C + O2  CO2
Burning natural gas: CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Burning gasoline: 2C8H O2  16CO2 + 18H20
Incomplete combustion creates CO (carbon monoxide) instead of CO2
2CH4 + 3O2  2CO + 4H2O

7. Organic Molecules: Hydrocarbons
ALL COMPLETE combustion creates CO2, which makes rain slightly acidic
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)
BUT, often times fossil fuels contain NITROGEN AND SULFUR.
When they are burned, they combine with water and create ACID RAIN.
Combustion of gasoline creates NO2
NO2 + H2O  H2NO3 (Nitric acid)
Combustion of coal creates SO3
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid)

8. Carbon-based compounds
OTHER USES OF
CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS
Polymers
Carbon-based compounds

9. Polymers Carbon-based compounds TAKE A GUESS (INFER):
How does JELLO (a powdery, carbon-based compound) become a solid?
How does your body produce hair, muscle and skin?
How can they make a solid plastic out of liquid petroleum, or rubber out of liquid sap?

10. MOLECULES OF LIFE We are all CBLF’s (carbon-based life forms)
CARBON CAN FORM AN INCREDIBLE VARIETY OF MOLECULES!!!

11. BASIC STRUCTURAL FEATURES:
A. MULTIPLE BONDS
SINGLE BONDS: -ane
DOUBLE BONDS: - ene
TRIPLE BONDS: -yne

12. B. STRAIGHT OR BRANCHED CHAINS
C. ISOMERS

13. D. RINGS - Aromatics Each corner represents a carbon atom.
Ring size can vary from three to eight.

14. POLYMERS Polyethylene
Carbon atoms can bond to one another in chains to form a variety of structures, including fossil fuels such as coal, synthetic polymers such as plastics, and the large molecules of life, such as proteins and lipids.
Lipid
Molecular structure of Coal

15. All of this allows Carbon to create: GIANT MOLECULES called POLYMERS
100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules joined together.
Polymers ARE CHAINS OF Monomers joined together.

16. monomer
polymer

17. POLYMERS (the whole train) are made out of MONOMERS (individual cars of the train) joined together.

18. Polymers
Polymerization: When carbon molecules combine into long chains.
HOW: This happens when a carbon to carbon double bond in a monomer is broken and new single bonds are formed creating a polymer.
                                                                                                                                                            

19. Polymers
Polymerization of polypropylene (propene).

20. Polymers
Polymerization: (of polyethylene)

21. Polymers
Polymerization: (of nylon)

22. Polymers Three main shapes of polymers are formed:
STRAIGHT CHAINS (Linear)
BRANCHED CHAINS
CROSS-LINKED CHAINS

23. Polymers NOT ALL POLYMER FORMING REACTIONS CAN GO BY THEMSELVES.
Catalyst: A chemical substance that STARTS or INCREASES the rate of a reaction without being used in the polymer.

24. Polymers
Catalyst: A chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed.

25. Carbon Polymers - Review
Polymers are carbon atoms bonded to one another in straight, branched or cross-linked chains
3 TYPES carbon-based compounds: fossil fuels, synthetic polymers, and biopolymers
Polymers are formed through a process called polymerization
Catalyst: STARTS or INCREASES the rate of the reaction without being used up

26. Carbon Polymers - Journal
Define “polymer”. Define “monomer”.
Name the 3 main types of carbon-based compounds and give an example of each
Draw the structural formula for the monomer “ethylene” and part of the structural formula for the polymer “polyethylene”
Define polymerization
What is a “Catalyst”? (use your resources)

27. Carbon Polymers - Journal
Write down the name, and some of the properties of the plastic on your desk.
Quick draw an image of both the monomer and polymer of ethylene.
Re-Read the Polymer Lab Sheet from the back of the room.
Choose which test (tensile, abrasion, puncture) that you would want to run, and begin filling out the back of the sheet.