1. Table 11-1, p. 379

2. Macrominerals Overall importance in: Maintenance of electrolyte balance Mineralization of bones Enzyme cofactors Muscle contraction Nerve conduction The major macrominerals are:

3. Table 11-1a, p. 379

4. Table 11-1b, p. 379

5. Fig. 11-1, p. 381 Average absorption about 30%

6. Table 11-2, p. 382

7. Fig. 11-2, p. 383 Extracellular concentrations highly regulated by parathyroid hormone ( bone demineralization), calcitriol (calcium reabsorption), and calcitonin (decrease blood Ca2+)

8. Fig. 11-3, p. 384 Intracellular calcium regulation is through calcium channels; intracellular concentrations are VERY LOW relative to extracellular concentrations Increases in intracellular Ca2+ can act as a second messenger signaling mechanism for many cells; involved in neurotransmitter release and other events

9. Table 11-3, p. 387

10. Deficiency: rickets in children, hypocalcemic tetany, muscle pain, osteoporosis in adults Chronic deficiency associated with hypertension (inversely related), colon cancer (a preventative), and obesity (low calcium yields heavier weight) Toxicity: soft tissue calcification, constipation, kidney stones

11. Fig. 11-7, p. 393 Phytic acid/phytate Phosphorus Found in: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk and milk products. Nuts, legumes, cereals, and grains (animal sources are better). Most in the form of phytate. Hydrolyzed in the lumen and released as inorganic phosphate; carrier mediated

12. Table 11-4, p. 394 Functions: bone mineralization, in DNA and RNA, in nucleotide triphosphates (ie. ATP), second messenger (cAMP and IP3), phospholipids, as an intracellular buffer Deficiency: rare; anorexia, rickets, skeletal and cardiac myopathy, neurlogic problems Toxicity: rare

13. Table 11-5, p. 398

14. Vertebral bodies Radius Femoral neck p. 412

15. Table 11-5, p. 398 Magnesium - ingested with phytate, other food sources found in dairy products, fish, meat and seafood, as well as in legumes, apples, apricots, avocados, bananas, whole grain cereals, nuts, dark green vegetables, and cocoa, while hard water and mineral water may also supply it in fair quantities Functions: Formation of bones and teeth Aids in absorption of calcium and potassium As a part of the utilizable form of ATP Can help prevent kidney stones (along with B12) Is used for PMS symptoms, migranes, management of premature labor

16. Deficiency symptoms (mainly due to malabsorption, alcoholism): cardiovascular problems, including tachycardia; irritability and seizure; insomnia, poor memory, depression Toxicity: rare; diarrhea and abdominal cramping; kidney failure; coma and death

17. Sodium No more than 2,300 milligrams of sodium a day. This is about 1 teaspoon of sodium chloride (salt). To illustrate, the following are sources of sodium in the diet. 1/4 teaspoon salt = 600 mg sodium 1/2 teaspoon salt = 1,200 mg sodium 3/4 teaspoon salt = 1,800 mg sodium 1 teaspoon salt = 2,400 mg sodium 1 teaspoon baking soda = 1000 mg sodium Most diets contain 5X this amount Sources: Virtually all processed foods Absorption: Three mechanisms (at right) Function: Water balance; blood pressure Nerve propagation Membrane potential

18. Osteoporosis Prevalence Two Types Diagnosis Who’s at risk? Other risk factors