1. Sodium Chloride Process Brian Meeuwsen & Katie Neta

2. Isolation & Purification  Solution Mining (54%)  Solution:  26% salt  73.5% water  0.5% impurities  Evaporation = 99.8% purity  Removes calcium, magnesium, and sometimes sulfate  US food-grade salt = vacuum pan evaporation  Rock Salt Mining (32%)  98.5-99.4% purity https://www.google.com/search?q=rock+salt+mining&client=firefox-a&hs=dan&rls=org.mozilla:en- US:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=A_WCUvaUGent2wWJ9oCYBQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=997&bih=604#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=3mz7HsH4fpObGM%3A%3Bp3XCDXCuujyu6M% 3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.himalayan-natural-salt-lamps.com%252Fmine-salt-photo-gallary%252Frock-salt-mine-pakistan-01.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.himalayan-natural- salt-lamps.com%252Fnatural-crystal-salt-mine-pakistan.php%3B600%3B450

3. Isolation and Purification  Solar Salt Production (14%)  99.98% purity  6 times the cost of rock salt mining  20 times the cost of solution mining

4. US Usage

5. Electrolysis  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FDzt5VP50c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FDzt5VP50c  Concentration is highly important  Differ in products formed  Dilute NaCl = 2H 2 : O 2  Concentrate NaCl = H 2 : 2NaOH : Cl 2  Cathode (reduction): Na + + e - = Na  Anode (oxidation): 2 Cl - = Cl 2 + 2 e - Electrolytic process: 2Na + + 2Cl - + 2H 2 O → 2Na + + 2OH - + Cl 2 + H 2 https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/electrochemistry/electrolysis/electrolysis-of-molten-sodium-chloride//

6. Caustic Soda Production Reaction Pathway 2 NaCl + CaCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + CaCl 2  NaCl + CO 2 + NH 3 + H 2 O → NaHCO 3 + NH 4 Cl (I)  CaCO 3 → CO 2 + CaO (II)  2 NH 4 Cl + CaO → 2 NH 3 + CaCl 2 + H 2 O (III)  2 NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 (IV) Why Important?

7. Uses: Medical  Invented by Hartog Jakob Hamburger 1896  In vitro study of RBC lysis  Frequently used in hospitals  Normal Saline; IV medications  Fluid & electrolyte replenisher  Regulation within body maintains:  Osmotic pressure  Acid-base balance  Volume of circulating body fluids  $36 million/year http://www.austincc.edu/rxsucces/beginiv4.html

8. Catalytic Properties  Thermolysin Activation  Increases the activity of Thermolysin by 13-15 times when in the presence of 4M NaCl at pH 7.0 at 25 degrees Celsius.  Used as a Green Catalyst in aqueous reactions  spirooxindole derivative synthesis  Efficiency of tellurium zeolite in the dehydrogenation reactions of ethylbenzene to styrene and n-hexane or cyclohexane to benzene.

9. Economics Type of Salt Price Per Ton Vacuum Pan$170 Solar Salt$70 Rock Salt$35 Salt in Brine$8

10. Economics (2010)  Major Producers  China = 60 Million Tons (21%)  United States = 45 Million Tons (16%)  Germany = 16.5 Million Tons (6%)  Major Exporters to the US  Canada (41%), Chile (31%), Mexico (9%), The Bahamas (6%), Other (13%)  US has 27 Companies operating 60 plants in 16 different states for NaCl Production  US Industry valued at over $1.8 Billion  Recent News (2010)  Major rock salt company in Detroit, MI  National Salt Reduction Initiative

11. Reference List  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00397911.2010.515365  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167299109600537  http://www.healthline.com/health/sodium-chloride\  http://scorecard.goodguide.com/chemical- profiles/uses.tcl?edf_substance_id=7647-14-5  http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/sodium-chloride-natural- occurrence-commercial-preparation.html  http://faculty.rcc.edu/freitas/1ALabActivities/1A%20Exp2%20NaClSynth/1A%2 0Exp2Proc%20NaClSynthV6.pdf  Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 5th Ed. 2. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. 870-873. Print.