1. Spintronics in metals and semiconductors Tomas Jungwirth University of Nottingham Bryan Gallagher, Tom Foxon, Richard Campion, Kevin Edmonds, Andrew Rushforth, Chris King et al. Hitachi Cambridge Jorg Wunderlich, Andrew Irvine, David Williams, Elisa de Ranieri, Sam Owen, et al. Institute of Physics ASCR Alexander Shick, Karel Výborný, Jan Zemen, Jan Masek, Vít Novák, Kamil Olejník, et al.

2. Outline 1. Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in transition metals 2. Ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)As and related semiconductors 3. Spintronic transistors

3. Spintronics: Spin-orbit & exchange interactions nucleus rest frame electron rest frame Thomas precession Coulomb repulsion & Pauli exclusion principle  exchange interaction  ferromagnetism  spin-orbit interaction DOS

4. AMR ~ 1% MR effect TMR ~ 100% MR effect TAMR Exchange int.: Spin-orbit int.: magnetic anisotropy Exchange int.: AFM-FM exchange bias Au

5. ab intio theory Shick, et al, PRB '06, Park, et al, PRL '08 experiment Park, et al, PRL '08 TAMR in CoPt structures

6. spontaneous moment magnetic susceptibility Consider uncommon TM combinations Mn/W  ~100% TAMR Consider both Mn-TM FMs & AFMs exchange-spring rotation of the AFM Scholl et al. PRL ‘04 Proposal for AFM-TAMR: first microelectronic device with active AFM component spin-orbit coupling TAMR in TM structures Shick, et al, unpublished Shick, et al, unpublished

7. Outline 1. Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in transition metals 2. Ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)As and related semiconductors 3. Spintronic transistors

8. Magnetic materials Ferroelectrics/piezoelectrics Semiconductors spintronic magneto-sensors, memories electro-mechanical transducors, large & persistent el. fields transistors, logic, sensitive to doping and electrical gating TM-based  semiconducting multiferroic spintronics sensors & memories  transistors & logic

9. Ferromagnetic semiconductors GaAs - standard III-V semiconductor Group-II Mn - dilute magnetic moments & holes & holes (Ga,Mn)As - ferromagnetic semiconductor semiconductor Need true FSs not FM inclusions in SCs Mn Ga As Mn

10. Mn-d-like local moments As-p-like holes Mn Ga As Mn EFEF DOS Energy spin  spin  GaAs:Mn – extrinsic p-type semiconductor FM due to p-d hybridization (Zener local-itinerant kinetic-exchange) valence band As-p-like holes As-p-like holes localized on Mn acceptors << 1% Mn ~1% Mn >2% Mn onset of ferromagnetism near MIT

11. As-p-like holes Strong spin-orbit coupling Strong SO due to the As p-shell (L=1) character of the top of the valence band VV B eff p s B ex + B eff Note: TAMR discovered in (Ga,Mn)As Gold et al. PRL’04 Mn Ga As Mn

12. (Ga,Mn)As synthesis Low-T MBE to avoid precipitation High enough T to maintain 2D growth  need to optimize T & stoichiometry for each Mn-doping Inevitable formation of interstitial Mn-donors compensating holes and moments  need to anneal out high-T growth optimal-T growth

13. Interstitial Mn out-diffusion limited by surface-oxide GaMnAs GaMnAs-oxide Polyscrystalline 20% shorter bonds Mn I ++ O Optimizing annealing-T another key factor Rushforth et al, ‘08 x-ray photoemission Olejnik et al, ‘08 10x shorther annealing with etch

14. Indiana & California (‘03): “.. Ohno’s ‘98 T c =110 K is the fundamental upper limit..” Yu et al. ‘03 California (‘08): “…T c =150-165 K independent of x Mn >10% contradicting Zener kinetic exchange...” Nottingham & Prague (’08): T c up to 185K so far “Combinatorial” approach to growth with fixed growth and annealing T’s ? Mack et al. ‘08 Tc limit in (Ga,Mn)As remains open

15. Weak hybrid. Delocalized holes long-range coupl. Strong hybrid. Impurity-band holes short-range coupl. InSb GaP d5d5 (Al,Ga,In)(As,P) good candidates, GaAs seems close to the optimal III-V host Other (III,Mn)V’s DMSs Mean-field but low T c MF Large T c MF but low stiffness Kudrnovsky et al. PRB 07

16. III = I + II  Ga = Li + Zn Other DMS candidates Masek et al. PRL 07 But Mn isovalent in Li(Zn,Mn)As  no Mn concentration limit and self-compensation  possibly both p-type and n-type ferromagnetic SC (Li / Zn stoichiometry) GaAs and LiZnAs are twin SC (Ga,Mn)As and Li(Zn,Mn)As should be twin ferromagnetic SC

17. Towards spintronics in (Ga,Mn)As: FM & transport Dense-moment MS F << d  -  Eu  - chalcogenides Dilute-moment MS F ~ d  -  Critical contribution to resistivity at T c ~ magnetic susceptibility Broad peak near T c disappeares with annealing (higher uniformity)??? 

18. Ni (Ga,Mn)As (Prague Nottingham) Fe Critical contribution at Tc to d  /dT like TM FMs d  /dT ~ c v F ~ d  -  Fisher & Langer ’68 Novak et al., ‘08

19. TcTc d  /dT Scattering off short range correlated spin-fluctuation Fisher&Langer ‘68

20. Outline 1. Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in transition metals 2. Ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)As and related semiconductors 3. Spintronic transistors

21. Gating of the highly doped (Ga,Mn)As: p-n junction FET p-n junction depletion estimates Olejnik et al., ‘08 ~25% depletion feasible at low voltages

22. AMR Increasing  and decreasing AMR and T c with depletion

23. Persistent variations of magnetic properties with ferroelectric gates Stolichnov et al., Nat. Mat.‘08

24. Electro-mechanical gating with piezo-stressors Rushforth et al., ‘08 Strain & SO  Electrically controlled magnetic anisotropies

25. Single-electron transistor Two "gates": electric and magnetic (Ga,Mn)As spintronic single-electron transistor Huge, gatable, and hysteretic MR Wunderlich et al. PRL ‘06

26. AMR nature of the effect normal AMR Coulomb blockade AMR

27. & electric & magnetic control of Coulomb blockade oscillations Q0Q0 Q0Q0 e 2 /2C  [ 010 ]  M [ 110 ] [ 100 ] [ 110 ] [ 010 ] SO-coupling   (M) SourceDrain Gate VGVG VDVD Q Single-electron charging energy controlled by V g and M

28. CBAMR if change of |  (M)| ~ e 2 /2C CBAMR if change of |  (M)| ~ e 2 /2C  In our (Ga,Mn)As ~ meV (~ 10 Kelvin)In our (Ga,Mn)As ~ meV (~ 10 Kelvin) In room-T ferromagnet change of |  (M)|~100KIn room-T ferromagnet change of |  (M)|~100K Room-T conventional SET (e 2 /2C  >300K) possible Theory confirms chemical potential anisotropies in (Ga,Mn)As & predicts CBAMR in SO-coupled room-T c metal FMs

29. Variant p- or n-type FET-like transistor in one single nano-sized CBAMR device 0 ON OFF 1 0 ON OFF 1 V DD V A V B V A V B Vout 0 0 0 OFF ON OFF 0 0 1 1 ON OFF AB Vout 00 0 10 1 01 1 11 1 0 0 1 ON OFF 0 0 1 ON 1 1 1 1 OFF ON 1 1 OFF 1 “OR” Nonvolatile programmable logic

30. V DD V A V B V A V B Vout Variant p- or n-type FET-like transistor in one single nano-sized CBAMR device 0 ON OFF 1 0 ON OFF 1 AB Vout 00 0 10 1 01 1 11 1 “OR” Nonvolatile programmable logic

31. Physics of SO & exchange SET Resistor Tunneling device Chemical potential  CBAMR Tunneling DOS  TAMR Group velocity & lifetime  AMR Device designMaterials TM FMs (III,Mn)V, I(II,Mn)V DMSs Mn-based TM FMs&AFMs TM FMs, MnAs, MnSb

32. END

33. Dawn of spintronics Anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) – 1850’s  1990’s Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) – 1988  1997 Inductive read/write element Magnetoresistive read element

34. MRAM – universal memory fast, small, low-power, durable, and non-volatile 2006- First commercial 4Mb MRAM

35. RAM chip that actually won't forget  instant on-and-off computers Based on Tunneling Magneto-Resistance (similar to GMR but insulating spacer)

36. Giant Magneto-Resistance      ~ 10% MR effect DOS  AP PP >

37. Tunneling Magneto-Resistance ~ 100% MR effect DOS   DOS 

38. Spin Transfer Torque writing

39. Ga As Mn 10-100x smaller M s One Key problems with increasing MRAM capacity (bit density): - Unintentional dipolar cross-links - External field addressing neighboring bits 10-100x weaker dipolar fields 10-100x smaller currents for switching Dilute moment nature of ferromagnetic semiconductors

40. Magnetism in systems with coupled dilute moments and delocalized band electrons (Ga,Mn)As coupling strength / Fermi energy band-electron density / local-moment density

41. Hole transport and ferromagnetism at relatively large dopings conducting p-type GaAs: - shallow acc. (C, Be) ~ 10 18 cm -3 - Mn ~10 20 cm -3 Non-equilibrium growth - technological difficulties

42. Electric-field controlled ferromagnetism in FET or piezo/FM hybrid V gate Ferro SC Photogenerated ferromagnetism Ferro SC GaSb B (mT) ħħ Magnetization

43. Variable controlled strain using a Piezo stressor A.W. Rushforth, J. Zemen, K. Vyborny, et al. arXiv:0801.0886 Strain induced by piezo voltage +/- 150V: ~ 2 10 -4 (at 50K) Easy axis rotation by 50 deg for V piezo = -150V  +150V M. Overby, et al., arXiv:0801.4191

44. Fast Precessional switching via gatevoltage

45. Spintronics with spin-currents only Magnetic domain “race-track” memory

46. n n p SHE mikročip, 100  A supercondicting magnet, 100 A Spin Hall effect detected optically in GaAs-based structures Same magnetization achieved by external field generated by a superconducting magnet with 10 6 x larger dimensions & 10 6 x larger currents Cu SHE detected elecrically in metals SHE edge spin accumulation can be extracted and moved further into the circuit

47. Datta-Das transistor Spintronics in nominally non-magnetic materials

48. intrinsic skew scattering I _ F SO _ _ _ Spin Hall effect spin-dependent deflection  transverse edge spin polarization

49. Information reading  Ferro Magnetization  Current Information reading & storage Tunneling magneto-resistance sensor and memory bit Information reading & storage & writing Current induced magnetization switching Information reading & storage & writing & processing : Spintronic transistor: magnetoresistance controlled by gate voltage New materials Ferromagnetic semiconductors, Multiferroics Non-magnetic SO-coupled systems Mn Ga As Mn Spintronics explores new avenues for: