1. Switch to Considerations of Global Economy

2. Changes underway in the Global Trading and Financial system Fading importance of the system based on the World Trade Organization – Renewed interest in Regionalism (Free Trade Areas) A drop in the importance of the U.S. Dollar The increasing importance of late-comers to the world trading system (the BRICs) – Recent events in Ukraine may make this into the BICs – With Brazil in recession, perhaps its just the ICs

3. The History The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Signed in 1947 – Governed international trade relations until 1997 when WTO created – Rules and accomplishments Most favored nation status for most countries – A tariff cut for one was a tariff cut for all – By 1970s, tariffs had dropped from an average of around 50% to the single digits…Trade exploded.

4. “Rounds of the GATT” 1947 Round in Geneva Torquay, Spain and Geneva in the 1950s (not much done) 1962-4 Kennedy Round – Huge tariff cuts due to fears that Europe was going to isolate itself through integration Treaty of Rome (1957) Tokyo Round 1977 – Non-tariff Barriers and reductions of some tariffs to zero

5. Examples of Nontariff Barriers “quality controls” that have nothing to do with quality (e.g. autos) Customs barriers (unloading of ships) Spurious industrial standards – 114 volt current in Saudi Arabia American Selling Price for chemicals

7. Uruguay Round – The formation of the World Trade Organization – Finally system is run under auspices of organization rather than a document – Addressed intellectual property rights Controversial, since pharmaceuticals come under this category – Tried, in vain, to address agricultural issues – Forced developing nations to join in tariff cutting process

8. Also standardized health standards for imported products “phytosanitary standards” – Numerous cases of illness due to imported fresh foods – Growing products for export without the expertise necessary – WTO standardized controls so that food was safe, but standards did not become a trade barrier

9. Stalling out of the WTO Problem: Major work is done – Tariff and Non-tariff barriers are much lower – Non-tariff barriers have been largely eliminated – Intellectual property has protections (at least on the books) – No agreement, however, on agricultural price supports But is this enough to “drive” a meeting of 145 countries Since 1994, no agreement has been reached (Doha, Qatar Round) – Was supposed to be the “development” round

10. Regionalism Reborn Failure to advance tariff cuts and reduction in other trade barriers has led to rebirth of regionalism Particularly expansion of the EU, but also expansion of NAFTA – Membership: U.S., Canada, Mexico – U.S. now signing free trade agreements with other nations:

11. Free Trade Agreements (U.S.): AustraliaBahrain CanadaChile ColombiaCosta Rica Dominican RepublicEl Salvador GuatemalaHonduras IsraelJordan Korea (South)Mexico MoroccoNicaragua OmanPanama PeruSingapore

12. The European Union continues its expansion from its original 5 members to the current 27. – Not all in European Monetary Union (17 of 27). Conversely, regionalism in Latin America remains stalled (Mercosur) Regionalism tends to discourage multilateralism, since benefits of former disappear when free trade is open globally

13. Other Economic and Political Forces at work in Latin America are holding Region Back Region has always swayed back and forth between a market-orientation and more centralized economies – Relations with U.S. affected as a result Region is currently in an anti-market phase – Relations with Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and to a less extent Argentina are not particularly good – Recent re-default by Argentina unlikely to improve things

14. Result Slowdown in Trade initiatives (as noted above) – The Pan-American Free Trade Area is not likely to happen – With the GATT/WTO stalled, the U.S. will need to seek other avenues for expanding trade. Currently arguing in congress over fast-track authority for the president (both Republicans and Democrats oppose)

15. The original plan!

16. End of Day 2 Questions and suggestions for next time we meet?