1. May 11, 2015 1 The role of electric mobility in future Energy Systems Dr. ir. Zofia Lukszo With collaboration with dr. Remco Verzijlbergh Section Energy and Industry Technology, Policy and Management @: Z.Lukszo@tudelft.nl

2. Content Why electric mobility? Responsive demand Are the goals of many actors involved the same? What about the environment? Why EVs can be compared to cold storage warehouses? What can we learn from looking at different price scenario’s? Future work May 11, 20152

3. Future energy systems Old schedule generation to meet demand New schedule demand to meet generation e.g. electric mobility

4. Electric mobility How can electric mobility contribute to a more sustainable transportation & electrical power system and on the same time align the interests of its relevant actors? See: Remco Verzijlbergh, The Power of Electric Vehicles, PhD Thesis TU Delft, 2013, http://repository.tudelft.nl/http://repository.tudelft.nl/

5. Why electric mobility - CO 2 emission air quality, noise polluttion

6. Energy usage households +/- 10 kWh

7. Power sector complex socio-technical system

8. Standard Household Profile

9. Estimation of the expected energy usage of EVs Data from Mobility Research Netherlands Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, “Mobiliteitsonderzoek Nederland (in Dutch)” Available: www.mobiliteitsonderzoeknederland.nlwww.mobiliteitsonderzoeknederland.nl Average: ~34 km ~ 90% < 100km

10. Charging scenario's and network load Based on real life data

11. Network load:100 houses and 50 EVs May 11, 201511 Price control Load Control Imbalance Control Separate EV demand profiles

12. Electric mobility in a city – city of Utrecht Load flow analysis shows: 10% electric mobility  24% overloaded Reference case (merely organic growth)  19% overloaded See E.J. Kleiwegt, Electric Mobility: on the Road to Energy Transition: A technical and actor assessment of social costs of electric mobility, Master Thesis, TU Delft, 2011 http://repository.tudelft.nl/

13. Example – city of Utrecht Use calculations for critical component map Green/Yellow/ Red locations for installing charging stations

14. Merit order vs emission – two cases May 11, 201514 D A

15. CO 2 emissions of EV charging as a function of CO 2 price May 11, 201515 ADAD

16. Dispatch profiles for different vehicles scenarios May 11, 201516

17. Charging strategy based on predicted price May 11, 201517

18. Negative price? Conventional, wind and solar power and spot prices for the German system on June 16th 2013.

19. Responsive demand – cold storage Old schedule generation to meet demand New schedule demand to meet generation e.g. with a cold storage warehouse

20. Matching renewable energy and demand response through price System model: Cold store has PV generation on site PV production known in advance Pays price C in (t) for energy, receives C out (t) Temperature upper bound T max Goal: Investigate relations between demand response strategy of a cold store and electricity prices & Evaluate different pricing regimes on optimal energy use

21. Physical model of cold store Heat balance Incoming heat Outgoing heat Discretized in time Resulting equation for T dynamics

22. System model Cold store has PV generation on site PV production known in advance Pays price C in (t) for energy, receives C out (t) Temperature upper bound T max

23. Optimization formulation constraints Objective function

24. Compare cold store with EV optimization problem Optimization problem State dynamics

25. Price scenarios A: flat tariff B: flat double tariff C: day-night tariff D: APX based real time tariff E: APX based real time tariff, high solar penetration

26. Optimal cooling trajectory depends strongly on tariff structure. Local use of PV energy depends on tariffs Most 'value' of control in case with high solar penetration. The effective use of demand response requires the right tariff structure Comparison

27. New plans

28. NWO URSES - CaPP Project Design, Management and Control Systems for multi- modal, detachable decentral sustainable energy systems Car as Power Plant as a multi-modal system (power, transport, gas/hydrogen, heat) ICT and business models for CaPP Detachable decentral = fuel cell cars

29. NWO URSES – CaPP Project design, assess and analyse the fuel cell car as power plant (CaPP) in integrated transport and energy systems investigate and design robust control systems of CaPP- based smart energy systems explore effective incentive and organizational structures for the emergence of CaPP integrated energy and transport systems

30. May 11, 201530

31. PhD wanted ! CaPP

32. Most urgent question How to reduce uncertainty for actors in the energy chain by developing the science and tools that are needed for smart energy systems? May 11, 201532

33. May 11, 201533