2. SOURCES Statistics: UNCTADSTATSUNCTADSTATS References: – Enabling the graduation of LDCs: Enhancing the role commodities and improving rural productivity UNCTAD 2012 at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/aldc2012d1_en.pdfhttp://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/aldc2012d1_en.pdf – Global Supply Chains: Trade and Economic Policies for Developing Countries (Nicita, Ognivtsev, Shirotori) at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/itcdtab56_en.pdfhttp://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/itcdtab56_en.pdf – Least Developed Countries Report 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs at http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationArchive.aspx?publicationid=175http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationArchive.aspx?publicationid=175 – Istambul Plan of Action 2011

3. commodity dependence Cope with political marginalization

5. Coping with commodity dependence Enhance opportunities of commodities Boost export diversification

6. Coping with commodity dependence Enhance opportunities of commodities Succesful management of natural resources Transparency (ex. E.I.T.I)ex. E.I.T.I Macroeconomic management ( CAADP) CAADP) Mitigate commodity price volatility Social safety nets Stockpiliping of commodities Compensatory schemes Commodities exchange Appropriate strategies for climate change effects

9. Coping with commodity dependence Boost export diversification National Framework Governance Macroeconomic management Business regulations Productive Capacities Hard and soft infrastructure Role of capital accumulation and technological progress INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT Trade policy of trading partners DFQF NTM Regional integration Global Supply Chains Opportunities and challenges

14. The crucial importance of Non Tariff Measures

15. Cope with political marginalization WTO Expedite accession Conclude DDA Complete harvest for LDC Relevance of MDG Post 2015 SDG Istambul POA Brussels POA North South AGOA EPA LDC impact assessment South-South Boosting intra Africa Trade strategy South South DFQF