1. Informal Social Control I. Peer Pressure (e.g. gossip/rumor) II. Community Pressure (e.g. Comm. Crime Prevention) III. Individual Responses (e.g. Bystander Apathy)

2. Informal Social Control I.Gossip Defined II. Characteristics of Gossip A. Types of Gossip B. Symbolizes Intimacy and Trust C. Increases Cohesion D.Highly Connected Homogenous Society E. Social Status F. Ambiguity

3. Informal Social Control III. Rumor A. Gossip is content, Rumor is process B. Gordon Allport’s Linear/Distortion Model 1) Leveling 2) Sharpening 3) Assimilation

4. Informal Social Control Fred Koenig’s Collective Model of Rumor 1) Spreads quickly 2) Large # of people 3) Multiple Sources Ambiguous situation + Anxiety-laden event+ Socially connected target=Rumor Scandal: Explosive Episodes

5. Informal Social Control Functions of Gossip The Gossiper The Listener The Target- Gary Fine’s research on teens

6. Informal Social Control II. The Community and Informal Social Control A.Durkheim’s Mechanical/Organic Solidarity B. Towns and Cities and Informal Social Control 1. Information Overload/Norms of Noninvolvement

7. Informal Social Control

8. Increase in Actual Crime Rate Increase in Perceived Crime Rate Decrease in ISC Decrease in public Increase in interaction Actual Crime Rate Increase in Perceived Crime Rate

9. Informal Social Control III. Individual Responses A. Kitty Genovese Case B. Bystander Apathy 1. Pluralistic Ignorance 2. Diffusion of Responsibility

10. Informal Social Control C. Factors Influencing Likelihood of Bystander Assistance 1. Familiarity with Location 2. Risks of Helping 3. Activity of Witnesses 4. Training