1. Slide 3- 1

2. Chapter 3 Exponential, Logistic, and Logarithmic Functions

3. 3.1 Exponential and Logistic Functions

4. Slide 3- 4 Quick Review

5. Slide 3- 5 Quick Review Solutions

6. Slide 3- 6 What you’ll learn about Exponential Functions and Their Graphs The Natural Base e Logistic Functions and Their Graphs Population Models … and why Exponential and logistic functions model many growth patterns, including the growth of human and animal populations.

7. Slide 3- 7 Exponential Functions

8. Slide 3- 8 Exponential Functions Rules For Exponents If a > 0 and b > 0, the following hold true for all real numbers x and y.

9. Slide 3- 9 Use the rules for exponents to solve for x 4 x = 128 (2) 2x = 2 7 2x = 7 x = 7/2 2 x = 1/32 2 x = 2 -5 x = -5 Exponential Functions

10. Slide 3- 10 (x 3 y 2/3 ) 1/2 x 3/2 y 1/3 27 x = 9 -x+1 (3 3 ) x = (3 2 ) -x+1 3 3x = 3 -2x+2 3x = -2x+ 2 5x = 2 x = 2/5 Exponential Functions

11. Slide 3- 11 Example Finding an Exponential Function from its Table of Values

12. Slide 3- 12 Example Finding an Exponential Function from its Table of Values

13. Slide 3- 13 5432154321 -2 -3 -4 -5 y -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x y = 2 x If b > 1, then the graph of b x will: Rise from left to right. Not intersect the x-axis. Approach the x-axis. Have a y-intercept of (0, 1) Exponential Functions

14. Slide 3- 14 5432154321 -2 -3 -4 -5 y -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x y = ( 1 / 2 ) x If 0 < b < 1, then the graph of b x will: Fall from left to right. Not intersect the x-axis. Approach the x-axis. Have a y-intercept of (0, 1) Exponential Functions

15. Slide 3- 15 Example Transforming Exponential Functions Describe how to transform the graph of f(x) = 2 x into the graph g(x) = 2 x-2 The graph of g(x) = 2 x-2 is obtained by translat ing the graph of f(x) = 2 x by 2 units to the right.

16. Slide 3- 16 Example Transforming Exponential Functions

17. Slide 3- 17 Example Transforming Exponential Functions

18. Slide 3- 18 The Natural Base e

19. Slide 3- 19 Exponential Functions and the Base e

20. Slide 3- 20 Exponential Functions and the Base e

21. Slide 3- 21 Example Transforming Exponential Functions

22. Slide 3- 22 Example Transforming Exponential Functions

23. Slide 3- 23 Logistic Growth Functions

24. Slide 3- 24 Exponential Growth and Decay

25. Slide 3- 25 Exponential Functions Definitions Exponential Growth and Decay The function y = k a x, k > 0 is a model for exponential growth if a > 1, and a model for exponential decay if 0 < a < 1. y new amount y O original amount b base t time h half life

26. Slide 3- 26 Exponential Functions An isotope of sodium, Na, has a half-life of 15 hours. A sample of this isotope has mass 2 g. (a)Find the amount remaining after t hours. (b)Find the amount remaining after 60 hours. a. y = y o b t/h y = 2 (1/2) (t/15) b. y = y o b t/h y = 2 (1/2) (60/15) y = 2(1/2) 4 y =.125 g

27. Slide 3- 27 Exponential Functions A bacteria double every three days. There are 50 bacteria initially present (a)Find the amount after 2 weeks. (b)When will there be 3000 bacteria? a. y = y o b t/h y = 50 (2) (14/3) y = 1269 bacteria

28. Slide 3- 28 Exponential Functions A bacteria double every three days. There are 50 bacteria initially present When will there be 3000 bacteria? b. y = y o b t/h 3000 = 50 (2) (t/3) 60 = 2 t/3

29. 3.2 Exponential and Logistic Modeling

30. Slide 3- 30 Quick Review

31. Slide 3- 31 Quick Review Solutions

32. Slide 3- 32 What you’ll learn about Constant Percentage Rate and Exponential Functions Exponential Growth and Decay Models Using Regression to Model Population Other Logistic Models … and why Exponential functions model many types of unrestricted growth; logistic functions model restricted growth, including the spread of disease and the spread of rumors.

33. Slide 3- 33 Constant Percentage Rate Suppose that a population is changing at a constant percentage rate r, where r is the percent rate of change expressed in decimal form. Then the population follows the pattern shown.

34. Slide 3- 34 Exponential Population Model

35. Slide 3- 35 Example Finding Growth and Decay Rates

36. Slide 3- 36 Example Finding an Exponential Function Determine the exponential function with initial value = 10, increasing at a rate of 5% per year.

37. Slide 3- 37 Example Modeling Bacteria Growth

38. Slide 3- 38 Example Modeling Bacteria Growth

39. Slide 3- 39 Example Modeling U.S. Population Using Exponential Regression Use the 1900-2000 data and exponential regression to predict the U.S. population for 2003.

40. Slide 3- 40 Example Modeling U.S. Population Using Exponential Regression Use the 1900-2000 data and exponential regression to predict the U.S. population for 2003.

41. Slide 3- 41 Maximum Sustainable Population Exponential growth is unrestricted, but population growth often is not. For many populations, the growth begins exponentially, but eventually slows and approaches a limit to growth called the maximum sustainable population.

42. Slide 3- 42 Example Modeling a Rumor A high school has 1500 students. 5 students start a rumor which spreads logistically so that s(t) = 1500/(1 + 29 e.-.09t ) models the number of students who have heard the rumor at the end of t days, where t = 0 is the day the rumor begins to spread (a)How many students have heard the rumor by the end of Day 0? (b)How long does it take for 1000 students to hear the rumor?

43. Slide 3- 43 Example Modeling a Rumor A high school has 1500 students. 5 students start a rumor which spreads logistically so that s(t) = 1500/(1 + 29 e.-.09t ) models the number of students who have heard the rumor at the end of t days, where t = 0 is the day the rumor begins to spread (a)How many students have heard the rumor by the end of Day 0? (b)How long does it take for 1000 students to hear the rumor?

44. 3.3 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

45. Slide 3- 45 Quick Review

46. Slide 3- 46 What you’ll learn about Inverses of Exponential Functions Common Logarithms – Base 10 Natural Logarithms – Base e Graphs of Logarithmic Functions Measuring Sound Using Decibels … and why Logarithmic functions are used in many applications, including the measurement of the relative intensity of sounds.

47. Slide 3- 47 Logarithmic Functions The inverse of an exponential function is called a logarithmic function. Definition: x = a y if and only if y = log a x

48. Slide 3- 48 Changing Between Logarithmic and Exponential Form

49. Slide 3- 49 Logarithmic Functions log 4 16 = 2 ↔ 4 2 = 16 log 3 81 = 4 ↔ 3 4 = 81 log 10 100 = 2 ↔ 10 2 = 100

50. Slide 3- 50 Inverses of Exponential Functions

51. Slide 3- 51 Logarithmic Functions The function f (x) = log a x is called a logarithmic function. Domain: (0, ∞) Range: (-∞, ∞) Asymptote: x = 0 Increasing for a > 1 Decreasing for 0 < a < 1 Common Point: (1, 0)

52. Slide 3- 52 Basic Properties of Logarithms

53. Slide 3- 53 An Exponential Function and Its Inverse

54. Slide 3- 54 Common Logarithm – Base 10 Logarithms with base 10 are called common logarithms. The common logarithm log 10 x = log x. The common logarithm is the inverse of the exponential function y = 10 x.

55. Slide 3- 55 Basic Properties of Common Logarithms

56. Slide 3- 56 Example Solving Simple Logarithmic Equations

57. Slide 3- 57 Basic Properties of Natural Logarithms

58. Slide 3- 58 Graphs of the Common and Natural Logarithm

59. Slide 3- 59 Example Transforming Logarithmic Graphs

60. Slide 3- 60 Example Transforming Logarithmic Graphs

61. Slide 3- 61 Decibels

62. 3.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions

63. Slide 3- 63 Quick Review

64. Slide 3- 64 What you’ll learn about Properties of Logarithms Change of Base Graphs of Logarithmic Functions with Base b Re-expressing Data … and why The applications of logarithms are based on their many special properties, so learn them well.

65. Slide 3- 65 1. log a (a x ) = x for all x   2. a log a x = x for all x > 0 3. log a (xy) = log a x + log a y 4. log a (x/y) = log a x – log a y 5. log a x n = n log a x Common Logarithm: log 10 x = log x Natural Logarithm: log e x = ln x All the above properties hold. Logarithmic Functions

66. Slide 3- 66 Properties of Logarithms

67. Slide 3- 67 Example Proving the Product Rule for Logarithms

68. Slide 3- 68 Example Proving the Product Rule for Logarithms

69. Slide 3- 69 Example Expanding the Logarithm of a Product

70. Slide 3- 70 Example Expanding the Logarithm of a Product

71. Slide 3- 71 Example Condensing a Logarithmic Expression

72. Slide 3- 72 Example Condensing a Logarithmic Expression

73. Slide 3- 73 Logarithmic Functions Product Rule

74. Slide 3- 74 Quotient Rule Logarithmic Functions

75. Slide 3- 75 Power Rule Logarithmic Functions

76. Slide 3- 76 Expand Logarithmic Functions

77. Slide 3- 77 Change-of-Base Formula for Logarithms

78. Slide 3- 78 Example Evaluating Logarithms by Changing the Base

79. Slide 3- 79 Example Evaluating Logarithms by Changing the Base

80. 3.5 Equation Solving and Modeling

81. Slide 3- 81 Quick Review

82. Slide 3- 82 Quick Review Solutions

83. Slide 3- 83 What you’ll learn about Solving Exponential Equations Solving Logarithmic Equations Orders of Magnitude and Logarithmic Models Newton’s Law of Cooling Logarithmic Re-expression … and why The Richter scale, pH, and Newton’s Law of Cooling, are among the most important uses of logarithmic and exponential functions.

84. Slide 3- 84 One-to-One Properties

85. Slide 3- 85 Example Solving an Exponential Equation Algebraically

86. Slide 3- 86 Example Solving an Exponential Equation Algebraically

87. Slide 3- 87 Example Solving a Logarithmic Equation

88. Slide 3- 88 Example Solving a Logarithmic Equation

89. Slide 3- 89 Solving Exponential Equations To solve exponential equations, pick a convenient base (often base 10 or base e) and take the log of both sides. Solve:

90. Slide 3- 90 Take the log of both sides: Power rule: Solving Exponential Equations

91. Slide 3- 91 Solve for x: Divide: Solving Exponential Equations

92. Slide 3- 92 To solve logarithmic equations, write both sides of the equation as a single log with the same base, then equate the arguments of the log expressions. Solve: Solving Exponential Equations

93. Slide 3- 93 Write the left side as a single logarithm: Solving Exponential Equations

94. Slide 3- 94 Equate the arguments: Solving Exponential Equations

95. Slide 3- 95 Solve for x: Solving Exponential Equations

96. Slide 3- 96 Solving Exponential Equations

97. Slide 3- 97 Check for extraneous solutions. x = -3, since the argument of a log cannot be negative Solving Exponential Equations

98. Slide 3- 98 To solve logarithmic equations with one side of the equation equal to a constant, change the equation to an exponential equation Solve: Solving Exponential Equations

99. Slide 3- 99 Write the left side as a single logarithm: Solving Exponential Equations

100. Slide 3- 100 Write as an exponential equation: Solving Exponential Equations

101. Slide 3- 101 Solve for x: Solving Exponential Equations

102. Slide 3- 102 Orders of Magnitude The common logarithm of a positive quantity is its order of magnitude. Orders of magnitude can be used to compare any like quantities: A kilometer is 3 orders of magnitude longer than a meter. A dollar is 2 orders of magnitude greater than a penny. New York City with 8 million people is 6 orders of magnitude bigger than Earmuff Junction with a population of 8.

103. Slide 3- 103 Richter Scale

104. Slide 3- 104 5.5 Graphs of Logarithmic Functions What is the magnitude on the Richter scale of an earthquake if a = 300, T = 30 and B = 1.2?

105. Slide 3- 105 pH In chemistry, the acidity of a water-based solution is measured by the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution (in moles per liter). The hydrogen-ion concentration is written [H + ]. The measure of acidity used is pH, the opposite of the common log of the hydrogen-ion concentration: pH=-log [H + ] More acidic solutions have higher hydrogen-ion concentrations and lower pH values.

106. Slide 3- 106 Newton’s Law of Cooling

107. Slide 3- 107 Example Newton’s Law of Cooling A hard-boiled egg at temperature 100 º C is placed in 15 º C water to cool. Five minutes later the temperature of the egg is 55 º C. When will the egg be 25 º C?

108. Slide 3- 108 Example Newton’s Law of Cooling A hard-boiled egg at temperature 100 º C is placed in 15 º C water to cool. Five minutes later the temperature of the egg is 55 º C. When will the egg be 25 º C?

109. Slide 3- 109 Regression Models Related by Logarithmic Re-Expression Linear regression:y = ax + b Natural logarithmic regression:y = a + blnx Exponential regression:y = a·b x Power regression:y = a·x b

110. Slide 3- 110 Three Types of Logarithmic Re-Expression

111. Slide 3- 111 Three Types of Logarithmic Re-Expression (cont’d)

112. Slide 3- 112 Three Types of Logarithmic Re-Expression (cont’d)

113. 3.6 Mathematics of Finance

114. Slide 3- 114 Quick Review

115. Slide 3- 115 Quick Review Solutions

116. Slide 3- 116 What you’ll learn about Interest Compounded Annually Interest Compounded k Times per Year Interest Compounded Continuously Annual Percentage Yield Annuities – Future Value Loans and Mortgages – Present Value … and why The mathematics of finance is the science of letting your money work for you – valuable information indeed!

117. Slide 3- 117 Interest Compounded Annually

118. Slide 3- 118 Interest Compounded k Times per Year

119. Slide 3- 119 Example Compounding Monthly Suppose Paul invests $400 at 8% annual interest compounded monthly. Find the value of the investment after 5 years.

120. Slide 3- 120 Example Compounding Monthly Suppose Paul invests $400 at 8% annual interest compounded monthly. Find the value of the investment after 5 years.

121. Slide 3- 121 Compound Interest – Value of an Investment

122. Slide 3- 122 Example Compounding Continuously Suppose Paul invests $400 at 8% annual interest compounded continuously. Find the value of his investment after 5 years.

123. Slide 3- 123 Example Compounding Continuously Suppose Paul invests $400 at 8% annual interest compounded continuously. Find the value of his investment after 5 years.

124. Slide 3- 124 Annual Percentage Yield A common basis for comparing investments is the annual percentage yield (APY) – the percentage rate that, compounded annually, would yield the same return as the given interest rate with the given compounding period.

125. Slide 3- 125 Example Computing Annual Percentage Yield Meredith invests $3000 with Frederick Bank at 4.65% annual interest compounded quarterly. What is the equivalent APY?

126. Slide 3- 126 Example Computing Annual Percentage Yield Meredith invests $3000 with Frederick Bank at 4.65% annual interest compounded quarterly. What is the equivalent APY?

127. Slide 3- 127 Future Value of an Annuity

128. Slide 3- 128 Present Value of an Annuity

129. Slide 3- 129 Chapter Test

130. Slide 3- 130 Chapter Test

131. Slide 3- 131 Chapter Test

132. Slide 3- 132 Chapter Test Solutions

133. Slide 3- 133 Chapter Test Solutions

134. Slide 3- 134 Chapter Test Solutions