1. Weed Management without Herbicides – Reality or utopia? Dr. Daniel T. Baumann

2. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003

4. Labour requirement for hand weeding: On average in Swiss Vegetable Production: 20-100 h/ha Direct seeded crops: 0-500 h/ha

5. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Preventive (indirect) Curative (direct) 

6. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 1.Prevention (indirect) Farming- and cropping system Crop choice, varieties, sanitation, cover crops, etc. 2.Decision making Necessity: when, where, how? 3.Weed Control (preventive, direct) physical (mechanical, thermal, mulching) biocontrol (insects, pathogens, etc.) The success of weed management strategy depends on the most effective combination of Prevention, Decision making und Control Measure.

7. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 1. Prevention All measures which contribute to reduce the necessity of direct control actions. SanitationManure, Machinery, Volunteer crops Crop planningcrop rotation, field choice Crop competitivecrop choice, varieties, fertilisation, abilityintercrops, allelopathy Cropping techniquesoil cultivation, stale seedbed transplanting vs. direct drilling crop density, cropping on ridges Direct preventive soil steaming, mulching measures

8. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Potatoes or carrots? PreventionSanitation

9. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Development of weed population after continous use of plough and chisel plough in winter wheat Weed plants/m 2 Hurle & Kemmer, 1987 PreventionSoil cultivation

10. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Stale Seedbed without 1 x 2 x

11. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Effect of stale seedbed in different crops Baumann, 1992 Efficacy (%) PreventionSoil cultivation

12. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 PreventionSoil cultivation in darkness

13. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Effect of light on the emergence of weeds Harrowing under different conditions Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Ascard, 1994 plants/m 2 PreventionSoil cultivation in darkness

14. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Improved growing conditions in the ridges PreventionRidges

15. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003  Reduction of pests and weeds  Suppression of weeds  Reduction of Soil erosion Nitrogen leaching Soil compaction  Enhancement of Organic matter Water retention Soil moisture and nutrient content PreventionCover crops, living mulch systems

16. PreventionIntercropping

17. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 1.Prevention (indirect) Farming- and cropping system Crop choice, varieties, sanitation, cover crops, etc. 2.Decision making Necessity: when, where, how? 3.Weed Control (preventive, direct) physical (mechanical, thermal, mulching) biocontrol (insects, pathogens, etc.) The success of weed management strategy depends on the most effective combination of Prevention, Decision making und Control Measure.

18. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 2. Decision making Strategic Decisions: > 1 Year, Crop rotation (Farm equipment, crop choice, etc.) Tactical Decisions: within one cropping period (crop choice, varieties, field choice)  two principles:Number threshold Critical period (period threshold) Operational decisions: when and with which machine and adjustment do I have to control the weeds?

19. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Crop Weed Concept of number threshold PlantingHarvest Decision makingcontrol when?

20. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 critical period weed free Weeds tolerated Crop PlantingHarvest Concept of period threshold Decision makingcontrol when?

21. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 (D. Mortensen, Nebraska) Why broadcast control if weeds occur patchy? Decision makingcontrol where?

22. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 1.Prevention (indirect) Farming- and cropping system Crop choice, varieties, sanitation, cover crops, etc. 2.Decision making Necessity: when, where, how? 3.Weed Control (preventive, direct) physical (mechanical, thermal, mulching) biocontrol (insects, pathogens, etc.) The success of weed management strategy depends on the most effective combination of Prevention, Decision making und Control Measure.

23. Preventive (indirect)Curative (direct) Cultivation:Non-selectiveSelective Soil cultivation Hoe Harrow Seedbed preparation Brush Finger weeder Cutting Ridging Steaming Freezing Electro Cutation Fleming /IR Solarisation Electro thermal treatment Synthetic mulching materials (PE Foil, Woven PP) Organic dead mulching materials (paper, straw, compost) Organic living mulching materials (intercropping) MECHANICAL THERMAL PHYSICAL BARRIER Direct controlPhysical measures

24. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 From Low-Tec… Selective Harrow Treatment Direct controlPhysical measures

25. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Laser guided Portal hoe … to High-Tec Direct controlPhysical measures

26. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Non-selective control between crop rows Hoe with ridging elements Direct controlPhysical measures

27. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Non-selective control between crop rows Basked weeder Direct controlPhysical measures

28. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Non-selective control between rows Rolling cultivator Direct controlPhysical measures

29. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Non-selective control between rows Brush weeder Direct controlPhysical measures

30. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 “Weihenstephan” Split hoe Direct controlPhysical measures

31. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Non-selective control in perennial crops Sensor guided tree strip cultivator Direct controlPhysical measures

32. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Selective in control within crop rows Finger weeder Direct controlPhysical measures

33. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Selective control within crop rows Torsion weeder Direct controlPhysical measures

34. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Selectivity and Efficacy of different selective mechanical in-row control techniques Manual weeding (h/ha) Ascard und Bellinder, 1996 Reduction after two treatments Direct controlPhysical measures

35. Self-guided high-speed Hoe QI 500 Direct controlPhysical measures

36. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Non-selective control between crop rows Camera guided hoe Direct controlPhysical measures

37. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Multi-Sensor guided Transversal Hoe (University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Germany) Differentiation of crop and weeds by: Light reflection by the plants geometrical plant traits Weed control within the row by cycloid hoe Direct controlPhysical measures

38. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Centrifugal hoe (Design Wageningen University) Optical sensor knife Steering unit Centrifugal- disc Direct controlPhysical measures

39. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Thermal Control Direct controlPhysical measures

40. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Thermal Control Direct controlPhysical measures Open flameCeramic element

41. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Row flamer with cover Direct controlPhysical measures

42. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Lightweight tool carrier for daily use Direct controlPhysical measures

43. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Lightweight tool carrier for weed control Direct controlPhysical measures

44. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Polyethylene foil: non-degradable Direct controlPhysical measures

45. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Manual Mechanical Herbicides Flaming Microwave Plastic mulch 10100100010000100000 MJ/ha Energie consumption for different weed control treatments Ascard, 1996 Direct controlPhysical measures

46. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Straw based liquid mulchBiotop® Direct controlPhysical measures

47. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Dry spreadable mulch pellets Terrastar® Direct controlPhysical measures

48. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 „Wädenswil“ Direct-Mulchdrilling Direct controlPhysical measures

49. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 In case of emergency: manual weeding Direct controlPhysical measures

50. Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 WädenswilDaniel T. Baumann © 2003 Preventive (indirect) Curative (direct) 