1. Subsistence FORAGING AND HORTICULTURE

2. Learning Objectives: Subsistence Unit  1. Identify the subsistence patterns found in human societies  2. Identify the cultural characteristics of a society that might be inferred from knowing the society’s subsistence patterns  3. Identify the changes brought about by the transition to food production.

3. Adaptive Strategies  Means of making a living  1) Foraging  2) Horticulture  3) Agriculture  4) Pastoralism  5) Industrialism  Will discuss at the end of the quarter

4. Foraging  Until _________________this was the strategy of all humans  Band – social system, fewer than __________  Rely on available natural resources  Variation among world’s foragers

5. Foraging  Rely on naturally occurring plants and animals  Diets consisting of _____________________  Problem: Subject to Seasonality  ____________________________________  Is this possible today?  Often ____________ with neighboring food producers

6. Foraging: Hunting  Typically a male domain though females help process foods  _________________

7. Foraging: Gathering  Typically a female domain  Requires less travel  Allows for infant care  Provides most of the __________________

8. Foraging: Today  All foraging groups utilize some form of food production OR food producers  Why is this the case?  Influenced by  1.  2.

9. Foraging: Inuit  1.  2.

10. Foraging: Ache  Paraguay  Earliest report of this group – 1600s  Before 1960s, small nomadic bands  Today: ____________________  1.  2.

11. Foraging: San (Bushmen)  1997-2002: 3,000 of the 10,000 known San people were relocated  ______________________________  2006 court ruling -- ___________________  Global political action for indigenous peoples  _________________________  ____________________________

12. Foraging: San (Bushmen)

13. Horticulture  The ____________________________________  Hoes and digging sticks  Fields are not continually planted  Does not produce________________  Supplement diet by ______________________

14. Horticultural Techniques  ________________  Shifting Cultivation  Problems?  _____________: Use of a high variety of plant species

15. Horticultural Groups  Low _________________________  Lack of surplus maintains population size  Some _______________________  Continuously exploit new soil when old plots have lost their usefulness  Some ___________________________  Move horticultural plots rather than settlement

16. Horticulturalists of Today  1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.

17. Horticulturalists of Today