1. Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits Fixed Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detection Edward Naranjo Emerson Process Management, Rosemount Analytical

2. 2 Presenter Edward Naranjo –Director of Marketing, Flame and Gas –Ph.D. Chemical Engineering from the University of California, Santa Barbara; B.S. Chemical Engineering, Caltech –ISA Orange County Section president –ISA Process Measurement and Control Division (PMCD) Director-elect

3. Content Introduction Detection Coverage Detector Placement Allocation Commissioning Maintenance Conclusion 3

4. Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detection UGLD is a detection method used to establish the presence of high pressure leaks –Well suited for open, ventilated areas –Does not require transport of gas to the sensor –Provides 360° coverage

5. Ultrasonic Gas Leak Detection (Continued) Because of its principle of operation, UGLD can serve as an additional and complementary means for mitigating the risk of fire and explosions 1, 2 1HSE. 2004. Fire and Explosion Strategy, Issue 1. Hazardous Installations Directorate, Offshore Division. http://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/strategy/fgdetect.htm. Downloaded October 22, 2010. http://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/strategy/fgdetect.htm 2HSE. 2007. Acoustic Leak Detection. Hazardous Installations Directorate, HID Semi Permanent Circular SPC/TECH/OSD/05. http://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/hid/spc/spctosd05.htm. Downloaded October 22, 2010.http://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/hid/spc/spctosd05.htm

6. Safety in Diversity All sensing technologies are vulnerable under certain conditions, resulting in poor detection efficiency –In a Health and Safety Executive (HSE) study, traditional fixed gas detectors accounted for 62% of all detected gas releases over nine years 3, 4 –Remaining 38% of releases were mainly detected by personnel 3HSE Offshore Technology Report – OTO 1999 079, Offshore Hydrocarbon Release Statistics, January 2000. http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/otohtm/1999/oto99079.htm. Downloaded October 18, 2010. http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/otohtm/1999/oto99079.htm 4HSE Offshore Technology Report – OTO 2000 112, Offshore Hydrocarbon Release Statistics, 2000. http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/otohtm/2000/oto00112.htm. Downloaded October 22, 2010. http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/otohtm/2000/oto00112.htm

7. Safety in Diversity (Continued) Diverse detection methods offer the best safeguard against fire and explosion hazards –Having few common failures increases likelihood of detection on demand

8. Challenges for UGLD Use Despite UGLD’s wider acceptance, the allocation, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of ultrasonic gas leak detectors remains poorly understood –No regulatory standards and few corporate codes of practice 5,6 –No guidelines on the optimal combination of point IR, open path IR detectors, and ultrasonic gas leak detectors for particular applications 7 –Correspondence between a hazard defined by gas concentration and a noise level is a persistent question 5BP. 2009. GP 30-85. Fire and Gas Detection. 6Shell. 2002. DEP 32.30.20.11-Gen. Fire, Gas and Smoke Detection Systems. 7HSE. 2004. Fire and Explosion Strategy, Issue 1. Hazardous Installations Directorate, Offshore Division.

9. Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits Measurement Principle

10. Gas Leak Detection from Ultrasound Ultrasonic Audible | 0 to 25 kHz | 25 to 100 kHz | Pressurised Gas Leak Frequency Range

11. Leak Rate Molecules from escaping gas produce a mixture of audible and ultrasonic noise known as broadband sound –Leak rate (or mass flow rate) is a measure of hazard severity –Directly proportional to the cross sectional area of the orifice and the pressure inside the vessel 8, 9 A p1p1 p2p2 8Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N. 1960. Transport Phenomena. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Ch. 15. 9Whitaker, S. 1986. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co. Ch. 10.

12. Minimum Pressure High pressure systems must be pressurized to a minimum of 145 psi (10 bar) for UGLDs to detect a leak –At these pressures, the ultrasound generated by a leak is greater than background ultrasound emissions Alarm threshold SPL (dB) time (s) Ultrasonic background noise Safety margin

13. Minimum Pressure (Continued) Minimum pressure that supports generation of ultrasound is approximately 30 psi (2 bar) as given by –For air (  = 1.4), the critical pressure ratio is 0.53 13 30 psi (2 bar) Typical levels of ultrasonic background noise prevent use of ultrasonic detectors at such low pressures

14. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) SPL varies according to the sound source’s power dW s /dt, distance to the leak r, and room constant S: 10 10Raichel, D. R. 2006. The Science and Applications of Acoustics, second edition. New York: Springer. SPL vs. distance. Methane: 0.1 kg/s, p = 47 bar (682 psi), d = 4 mm; (■) ethylene: 0.1 kg/s, p = 37 bar stance for methane and ethylene leaks. (  ) (537 psi), d = 4 mm. Ambient background SPL ≈ 40 dB. 14

15. Leak Detection Range The detection range of an ultrasonic gas leak detector depends on the leak rate and ultrasonic background noise –Leak rate governs the ultrasonic noise level generated by the leak –In practice, most industrial plants have ultrasonic background noise levels of approximately 55 dB 15

16. Detection Coverage 16 Leak rate = 0.1 kg/s (methane) (ea. 4 mm leak at 46 bar) Coverage is reduced for both lower gas pressure or higher background noise

17. Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits Installation, Commissioning, and Maintenance

18. Installation Detectors are installed at heights of 1 - 2 m above potential leak spots –Avoid shadowing or blockage by installing detectors where sound paths are unobstructed by large solid structures 1 - 2 meters

19. Placement of ultrasonic gas leak detectors is a function of three factors: –Location of potential gas leaks –Acceptable level of risk (minimum leak rate to be detected) –Extraneous sources of ultrasound Likely sources of gas plumes: –Valves –Weld joints –Flanges –Gaskets –Vessels –Well bays Detector Placement Gas leak detector placed near potential source of leaks.

20. Detector Placement (Continued) Minimum leak rates define the sensitivity required of ultrasonic gas leak detectors A categorization of leak rates by the Health Safety Executive (HSE) provides guidance on what’s an acceptable level of risk 11 : 20 Category Either……Or And Gas Cloud Volume (m 3 ) Quantity Released (kg) Mass Flow Rate (kg/s) Duration (min) Minor < 1 kg< 0.1 kg/s< 2 min< 10 Significant 1 - 3000.1 – 1.0 kg/s2 – 5 min10 – 3,000 Major > 300 kg> 1.0 kg/s> 5 min> 3,000 11HSE Report. 2001. OSD Hydrocarbon Release Reduction Campaign, Report on the Hydrocarbon Release Investigation Project ~ 1/4/2000 to 31/3/2001.

21. Commissioning Commissioning consists of two steps: –Test detection system with test unit –Verify system performance with leak simulation equipment 21

22. Leak Simulation Leak simulations are performed around the expected perimeter of coverage to verify detection range –Ensure detection is unaffected by blockage and acoustic reflections 22 Detector Nozzle

23. Leak Simulation (Continued) Leak simulations are performed with inert gases –Similar molecular weight and specific heat ratios as target gases NoGas Molecular Weight (g/mol) Specific Heat Ratio 1Methane16.041.32 (13) 2Nitrogen28.021.404 (12) 3Hydrogen2.021.410 (12) 4Helium4.001.667 (12) 5Air28.971.40 (13) UGLD Response to Inert and Combustible Gas Leaks. () Methane, (  ) Nitrogen, (  ) Hydrogen, (  ) Helium. Leak Rate = 0.01 kg/s. Measurement Error =  3 dB. 12Atkins, P. W. 1986. Physical Chemistry, 3 rd edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 13Engineering Toolbox. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-ratio-d_608.html. Downloaded October 25, 2010.http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-ratio-d_608.html

24. Maintenance Regular visual checks –Blockages on windscreen –Visual damage to unit Testing by means of portable test tool

25. Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits Detector Selection

26. Ultrasonic gas leak detectors should be sufficiently sensitive to detect gas leaks at pre- defined levels –Alarm threshold values may need to be adjusted if new sources of ultrasound are introduced close to detectors Detectors should be equipped with electronic high pass filters to screen audible spectrum of broadband sound –Filtering background noise interference enhances immunity to false signals

27. Detector Selection (Continued) Instruments equipped with fail to safe features enhance operational confidence –Example: Acoustic self check periodically verifies integrity of electronic circuitry and operation of acoustic sensor Detectors should support analog output and two-way digital communication to integrate to emergency shutdown systems (ESDs)

28. Conclusions Ultrasonic gas leak detectors offer an additional and complementary means of detecting gas leaks –Share few common failure modes with conventional gas sensors –Improve detection rate Guidelines for UGLD allocation are simple –360  coverage lends itself well for calculating the number and location of detectors in a room –Detection radius is influenced by ultrasonic background noise, minimum discharge rate to be detected, and ultrasonic interferences

29. Conclusions (Continued) Results from several mapping surveys suggests certain process areas have similar levels of background ultrasound –Enable users to estimate detection coverage based on collected data Examples of UGLD allocation in offshore and onshore facilities were presented –Classification of spaces into very low noise, low noise, and high noise prove useful for deciding on appropriate alarm level and detection coverage –Further fine tuning is possible by conducting a mapping survey

30. Conclusions (Continued) Through commissioning users can verify leak detectors respond to leaks at a specified radius –Functional test is a close proxy of a hazard scenario A minimum amount of maintenance must be carried out with ultrasonic gas leak detectors –Visual inspection –Testing

31. Conclusions (Continued) When choosing a detector, users are advised to consider features that improve reliability and integration to ESDs –Fail to safe features and calibrators can ensure devices are operational at all times –Analog output and two-way digital communication are increasingly essential for the deployment of safety systems