1. Depriciation Depriciation is a gradual and permanent decrease in the value of assets from any cause. (R.N.Carter) Depriciation may be defined as permanent and continuing diminution in quality,quantity or the value of assets. (william pickles)

2. CHRACTERSTICS OF DEPRICIATION Decrease in the value of assests Gradual decrease Process of allocation not of valuation Permanent decrease in the value of assets

3. Causes of depriciation Constant use Effect of time On expiry of legal rights Accident Human mistake Obsolescence Fall in price Depletion

4. Need,objectives or significance of providing depriciation To ascertain true profit and loss Ascertainment of correct cost of production Presentation of correct economic position Arrangement of funds for the re-establishment of assests To prevent the distribution of profits out of capital To save the income tax

5. Use of depreciation in other related terms Depreciation- used for physical assets Amortization- used for intangible assets Depletion- used for natural resources Dilapidation- used in contract of lease

6. Factors determining the amount of depreciation Cost of assets Estimated useful life of assets estimated scrap value of assets

7. Methods for recording depreciation 1. provision for depreciation account is to be maintained. 2. provision for depreciation account is not to be maintained..

8. Methods for providing depreciation Fixed installment method Diminishing installment method Annuity method Depreciation fund method Insurance policy method Revaluation method Depletion method

9. Fixed instalment method A certain and equal amount is deducted annually as depriciation. Easy method. Suitable for all type of business. Value of asset become zero at the end of working life of asset. Depriciation is shown as a direct deduction from the value of asset in balance sheet.

10. Demerit of fixed instalment Equal depriciation is charged every year but the efficiency of asset decreases with the passage of time. No provision for interest on investment on asset. No provision for replacement. Difficult to estimate residual value. Only considers the time duration,not on actual use of asset.

11. Application of fixed installment method Applicable for those assets on which repair and renewal expenses are very less. Applicable on those org. where some assets have more repair expenses and some have less expenses.

12. Calculation of depriciation On the basis of working life of assets= Depriciation=cost of assets-scrap value/ estimated SSWlife of asset On the basis of % = Depriciation = cost of asset * rate/100

13. Diminishing balance method Depriciation is calculated on the opening balance of asset every year. Easy calculation of depriciation. In initial year dep. Is more and repair charges are less and in later year deprication is less and repair is more.so equal effect on profit and loss account. Value of asset never become zero. Method is permissible under income tax act 1961.

14. demerit of diminishing balance method Detrmination of suitable rate is tough. Value of asset can not be reduced to zero. No provision for replacement. No provision for interest. Dep. Is more in initial year and less in later years. If less rate is decided then more years are required for amortization of asset but asset ended earlier.

15. Application of method Applicable on those assets which have more working life like building plant machinery

16. Difference in fixed and diminishing method Fixed instalment Diminishing method Amount of dep. Remains equal. Calculated on initial book value. Book value can be reduced to zero. Rate of dep is kept lower. Effect of dep and repair is not equal on p&l a/c. This method is not approved by income tax authority. Amount of dep. Reduces every year. Calculated on written down value. Bookvalue never become zero. Rate of dep is kept higher as compared to fixed instalment method. Effect of dep and repair on p&l a/c is equal. Approved by income tax authority