1. Head, Neck and Face Muscles
BIO 238

2. Posterior view Sagittal suture PARIETAL BONE (left) PARIETAL BONE
(right)
Lambdoid
suture
OCCIPITAL
BONE
Squamous
suture
TEMPORAL BONE
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Occipital condyle
External occipital
protuberance
MANDIBLE
Posterior view 2

3. Superior view OCCIPITAL BONE Lambdoid suture PARIETAL BONE (right)
(left)
Sagittal
suture
Coronal
suture
FRONTAL BONE
ZYGOMATIC
BONE
NASAL BONES
Superior view 3

4. Lateral view Coronal suture PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL BONE SPHENOID
Squamous suture
Supra-orbital foramen
TEMPORAL
BONE
NASAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
Squamous part of
temporal bone
ETHMOID
Lambdoid suture
Infra-orbital foramen
OCCIPITAL
BONE
MAXILLA
External acoustic
meatus
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Mastoid process
Styloid process
MANDIBLE
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mental foramen
Zygomatic
arch
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Mental protuberance
Lateral view 4

5. PARIETAL BONE
Coronal suture
FRONTAL BONE
SPHENOID
TEMPORAL BONE
Supra-orbital foramen
ETHMOID
Optic canal
PALATINE BONE
Superior orbital fissure
LACRIMAL BONE
Inferior orbital fissure
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Mastoid process of
temporal bone
Infra-orbital foramen
NASAL BONE
Middle nasal concha
(part of ethmoid)
MAXILLA
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
INFERIOR
NASAL CONCHA
Bony nasal
septum
VOMER
MANDIBLE
Mental protuberance
Mental foramen
Anterior view 5

6. Inferior view FRONTAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE MAXILLA VOMER SPHENOID
PALATINE BONE
Foreman ovale
Zygomatic arch
Medial and lateral
pterygoid processes
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External
acoustic meatus
TEMPORAL BONE
Mastoid process
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Lambdoid suture
Occipital condyle
OCCIPITAL BONE
External occipital
protuberance
Foramen magnum
Inferior view 6

7. Superior view of a horizontal section through the skull, showing the
FRONTAL BONE
Crista galli
ETHMOID
Cribriform plate
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
SPHENOID
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
TEMPORAL BONE
Carotid canal
Internal
acoustic meatus
Foramen
magnum
PARIETAL BONE
Jugular foramen
Internal occipital crest
Hypoglossal canal
OCCIPITAL BONE
Superior view of a horizontal section through the skull, showing the
floor of the cranial cavity. 7

8. Occipital bone, inferior view
Hypoglossal
canal
Occipital
condyle
Foramen
magnum
External
occipital
crest
Inferior
nuchal line
Superior
nuchal
line
External
occipital
protuberance
Occipital bone, inferior view 8

9. Right parietal bone, lateral view
Superior
temporal line
Inferior
temporal line
Right parietal bone, lateral view 9

10. Anterior surface Frontal (metopic) suture Frontal squama Superior
temporal line
Supra-orbital
margin
Supra-orbital
notch
Anterior surface 10

11. Lateral view of the right temporal bone Squamous part Mandibular fossa
External
acoustic meatus
Zygomatic
process
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Lateral view of the
right temporal bone 11

12. Anterior surface Superior orbital fissure Sphenoidal sinus Lesser wing
Greater
wing
Orbital
surface
Body
Foramen
rotundum
Pterygoid
process
Pterygoid
plates
Anterior surface 12

13. An anterolateral view of the right maxilla.
Orbital
rim
Infra-orbital
foramen
Anterior
nasal
spine
Alveolar
process
Zygomatic
process
An anterolateral view of the
right maxilla. 13

14. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Supra-orbital foramen
NASAL BONE
SPHENOID
TEMPORAL BONE
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Infra-orbital foramen
MAXILLA
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
VOMER
Bony nasal septum 14

15. A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible
Articular surface for
temporomandibular
joint
Coronoid process
Teeth
Mandibular
notch
Alveolar process
Head
Ramus
Body
Mental
protuberance
Condylar process
Mental foramen
Angle
A lateral and slightly superior
view of the mandible 15

16. An anterior view of the hyoid bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
An anterior view of the hyoid bone 16

17. Muscles

18. SCM Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
O-Sternal head: manubrium of sternum ; Clavicular head: medial 1/3 of clavicle
I- Mastoid process, lateral portion of superior nuchal line of occiput
A-Bilaterally--flexion of neck; Unilaterally--lateral flexion of head and neck to same side and rotation of head to opposite side
N-Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial nerve XI)
SCM

19. Figure 11-4a Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Masseter
Levator anguli oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus major
Sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut and reflected)
Lateral view 19

20. Scalenes All do the same basic actions:
Unilaterally rotates head and neck to opposite side, with the ribs fixed laterally flex the head and neck to the same side
Bilaterally--rasies 1st two ribs during forced inspiration or head and neck flexion
Scalenes

21. Scalenes Anterior Scalene Middle Scalene Posterior Scalenes
O- Transverse processes of third through 6th cervical vertebrae
I- First rib
N- Cervical and brachial plexuses
Middle Scalene
O- Transverse processes of second through 7th cervical vertebrae
Posterior Scalenes
O- Transverse processes C5 and C6
I- Second rib
N- C6 - C8 Nerves
Scalenes

22. Figure 11-11a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm
Scalenes
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Anterior view,
cervical region 22

23. Muscles of Mastication
Masseter
O- Zygomatic arch
I- Angle and ramus of Mandible
A- Elevate the mandible
N- Cranial nerve V- Mandibular branch
Temporalis
O- Temporal fossa and fascia
I- Mandible--coronoid process
A- Elevate and retract the mandible
N-Temporal branches of cranial nerve V
Muscles of Mastication

24. Figure 11-6a Muscles of Mastication
Superior temporal line
Temporalis
Capsule of
temporomandibular joint
Zygomatic
arch
Masseter
Lateral view. The temporalis muscle passes
medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the
coronoid process of the mandible. The
masseter inserts on the angle and lateral
surface of the mandible. 24

25. Suprahyoids and Digastrics
O- Underside of mandible, styloid process
I- Hyoid bone
A- Elevate hyoid and tongue, depress mandible
N- Hypoglossal, mylohyoid, facial
Digastrics
O- Mastoid process
I- Inferior border of mandible
A- Depresses mandible if hyoid is fixed, elevates the hyoid if mandible is fixed, retracts the mandible
N- Mylohyoid and facial
Suprahyoids and Digastrics

26. Infrahyoids Infrahyoids
O- Thyroid cartridge, top of manubrium, superior border of scapula
I- Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
A- Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
N- Upper Cervical
Infrahyoids

27. Figure 11-9a Muscles of the Anterior Neck
Mylohyoid
(cut and
reflected)
Mandible
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Anterior belly
Hyoid bone
Posterior belly
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Superior belly
Inferior belly
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid
Cut heads of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular head
Sternal head
Sternum
Anterior view 27

28. Platysma Platysma O-Fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major
I- Base of Mandible, skin of lower part of face
A- Assist in depression of the mandible, tighten the fascia of the neck
N- Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
Platysma

29. Figure 11-4b Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Corrugator supercilii
Temporalis
Temporalis (temporoparietalis
removed)
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Risorius
Buccinator
Platysma
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and
reflected)
Anterior view 29

30. Occipitofrontalis Frontalis Occipitalis O- Galea aponeurotica
I- Skin & fascia of eyebrows
A- Raises eyebrows and wrinkle forehead
N- Cranial nerve VII (Facial N.)
Occipitalis
O- Galea aponeurotica
I- Superior nuchal line of occipital bone
A- Anchor and retract the galea posteriorly, Moves scalp
N-Cranial nerve VII (Facial N.)
Occipitofrontalis

31. Figure 11-4a Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporalis
Procerus
Orbicularis oculi
Nasalis
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Masseter
Levator anguli oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus major
Sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut and reflected)
Lateral view 31

32. Pterygoids Medial Pterygoid
O-Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone and tuberosity of maxilla
I- Medial surface of ramus of the Mandible
A- Bilaterally- Elevates and protract the mandible; Unilaterally-lateral jaw motion to opposite side
N-Cranial nerve V (Mandibular)
Pterygoids

33. Pterygoids Lateral Pterygoid
O-Superior head: infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone Inferior head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
I- Articular disc and capsule of Temporomandibular joint, neck of mandible
A- Bilateral--protracts jaw; Unilaterally---lateral jaw motion to opposite side
N- Cranial nerve V
Pterygoids

34. Figure 11-6b Muscles of Mastication
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Cut edge of mandible
Lateral view, pterygoid muscles
exposed. The location and orientation of
the pterygoid muscles can be seen after
the overlying muscles, along with a
portion of the mandible, are removed. 34

35. Longus Capitis and Longus Colli
O-Transverse processes of C3 through C6
I- Inferior surface of occiput
A- Unilaterally: lateral flexion of head and neck to same side; bilaterally: rotate of head and neck
N- Ventral rami of C1 to C4
Longus Colli
O- bodies of C5 through T3, transverse processes of C3 through C5
I- Tubercle on anterior arch of the atlas; bodies of the axis, C3 and C4; transverse processes of C5 and C6
A-Unilaterally: lateral flexion of head and neck to same side; Bilaterally: rotate of head and neck
N-ventral rami of C1 to C7
Longus Capitis and Longus Colli

36. Figure 11-10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Erector Spinae,
Deep Layer
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinal Flexors
Quadratus lumborum
Rotatores
Intertransversarii
Flexors of the Anterior
Cervical and Thoracic
Spine
Longus
capitis
Spinous
process of
vertebra
Thoracodorsal
fascia
Posterior view
Longus
colli
Interspinales
Transverse
process of
vertebra 36

37. Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)
Temporoparietalis
O- Temporal fascia above ear
I- Epicranial aponeurosis
A-Fixes galeal aponeurosis, tightens scalp
N-Temporal branch of cranial nerve VII
Procerus
O- Nose
I- Skin between eyebrows
A-Wrinkes nose skin
Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)

38. Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)
Nasalis
O- Maxilla
I- Nose
A-Dilates nasal openings & compresses nasal cartilage
N-Cranial nerve VII
Orbicularis occuli
O- Medial margin of orbit
I- Skin of eyelid
A-Closes eyelid
N-Temporal and zygomatic branches of cranial nerve VII
Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)

39. Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)
Zygomatic major
O- Zygomatic bone
I- Angle of mouth
A-Retract and elevate corner of mouth
N-Buccal branch of cranial nerve VII
Zygomatic minor
I- Upper lip
Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)

40. Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)
Levator labii superiorus
O- Lower margin of orbit
I- Orbicularis oris muscle
A-Elevate upper lip
N-Buccal branch of cranial nerve VII
Risorius
O- Fascia around parotid salivary gland
I- Angle of mouth
A-Draws corner of mouth to side
Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)

41. Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)
Depressor anguli oris
O- Anterior lateral surface of mandible
I- Skin at angle of mouth
A-Draws corner of mouth down
N-Mandibular branch of cranial nerve VII
Orbicularis Oris
O- Near midline on anterior surface of maxilla and mandible
I- Skin around lips
A- Narrows orifice of mouth, purses lips and puckers lip edges
N- Facial Nerve
Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)

42. Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)
Buccinator
O- From the alveolar processes of the maxillary bone and mandible, temporomandibular joint
I- In the fibers of the orbicularis oris
A- Compresses the cheeks against the teeth and is used in acts such as blowing.
N- facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)
Other Muscles of Facial Expressions (Pay attention to actions)

43. Figure 11-4b Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Corrugator supercilii
Temporalis
Temporalis (temporoparietalis
removed)
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Risorius
Buccinator
Platysma
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis (cut)
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and
reflected)
Anterior view 43