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Published byUrsula Carroll Modified over 9 years ago
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Marine Mammals, Birds and Reptiles
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To the Land and Back 350 MYA - Tetrapods evolve from fish Need: Lungs Forelimbs Ability to avoid drying out Some move back to the oceans - new adaptations required 350 MYA - Tetrapods evolve from fish Need: Lungs Forelimbs Ability to avoid drying out Some move back to the oceans - new adaptations required
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Sea Turtles Enclosed by carapace Cannot retract head Flippers Return to land to reproduce after long migrations All threatened to endangered Enclosed by carapace Cannot retract head Flippers Return to land to reproduce after long migrations All threatened to endangered
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Sea Snakes
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Tropical Indian and Pacific Laterally compressed Ovoviparous Small mouth but highly venomous
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Marine Iguanas
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Galapagos Live in large colonies Herbivores Salt glands in nose Galapagos Live in large colonies Herbivores Salt glands in nose
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Saltwater Crocodile Very large (usually max of 20 ft.) Usually found in coastal areas Highly aggressive Very large (usually max of 20 ft.) Usually found in coastal areas Highly aggressive
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Seabirds Homeothermic / Endothermic Oil glands Feathers Light, hollow bones Hard egg shell But can they do this??!!
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Penguins Flightless Denser bones (reduces buoyancy) Layer of fat plus feathers for warmth Southern hemisphere Mating practices
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Tubenoses
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Heavy curved beak Mostly open sea predators Elaborate courtship followed by lifelong pairing Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels Heavy curved beak Mostly open sea predators Elaborate courtship followed by lifelong pairing Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels
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Pelicans and Relatives Webbing between toes Fish eaters Webbing between toes Fish eaters
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Gulls and Relatives
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AUKS!! Common name for the Alcids May fill penguin niche in Northern Hemisphere Puffins, razorbills, guillemots, dovekies (little auks) Great auk extinct in 1844 Common name for the Alcids May fill penguin niche in Northern Hemisphere Puffins, razorbills, guillemots, dovekies (little auks) Great auk extinct in 1844
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Shorebirds Herons, egrets, plovers, etc. Found on coastlines usually for feeding Often common in freshwater
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Marine Mammals Endothermic/Homeothermic Hair and mammary glands Viviparous and placental Large, complex brain Endothermic/Homeothermic Hair and mammary glands Viviparous and placental Large, complex brain
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Pinnipeds Relatives of Carnivora Blubber and fur Seals, sea lions and walruses Relatives of Carnivora Blubber and fur Seals, sea lions and walruses
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Seals
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Sea Lions and Fur Seals
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Walruses
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Carnivora - Polar Bears Arctic top predators Swim well but hunt on ice (seals, belugas, etc.) Parental care Arctic top predators Swim well but hunt on ice (seals, belugas, etc.) Parental care
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Carnivora - Sea Otters Smallest marine mammal Lacks blubber but dense fur Eat a LOT! (Mostly inverts) Parental care Still threatened
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Sirenians Manatees and dugongs No rear limbs Paddle shaped tail Thick blubber layer but almost no hair Four remaining species (all endangered) Manatees and dugongs No rear limbs Paddle shaped tail Thick blubber layer but almost no hair Four remaining species (all endangered)
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Cetaceans Largest group of marine mammals Entirely aquatic Convergent evolution Largest group of marine mammals Entirely aquatic Convergent evolution
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Respiration Nasal drift Rapid air movement 90% oxygen delivery from lungs! Blood adaptations: Greater blood volume More erythrocytes with more hemoglobin Extra myoglobin in muscles Lowered HR and restricted blood flow Lung collapse?? Exhalation before diving?? Why?? Nasal drift Rapid air movement 90% oxygen delivery from lungs! Blood adaptations: Greater blood volume More erythrocytes with more hemoglobin Extra myoglobin in muscles Lowered HR and restricted blood flow Lung collapse?? Exhalation before diving?? Why??
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Echolocation Toothed whales, some pinnipeds and baleen whales
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It’s cold down there!! Blubber - useful as insulation and as energy reserve Fur in pinnipeds and carnivora Blood vessels in whale tongues transfer heat back to core Blubber - useful as insulation and as energy reserve Fur in pinnipeds and carnivora Blood vessels in whale tongues transfer heat back to core
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Vocalization What purpose does it serve?
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Other Behaviors
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Reproduction - Cetaceans Copulation in water Competition and cooperation Sex play 11-12 month gestation Birth Maternal care Copulation in water Competition and cooperation Sex play 11-12 month gestation Birth Maternal care
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Reproduction - Pinnipeds Monogamy vs. polygamy Harems and bachelor groups Maternal care Variation in nursing period Females return Delayed implantation allows birth to coincide with return to shore Monogamy vs. polygamy Harems and bachelor groups Maternal care Variation in nursing period Females return Delayed implantation allows birth to coincide with return to shore
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