1. The Respiratory System
Chapter 17
The Respiratory System

2. Introduction Organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Respiration: exchange of O2 / CO2 between atmosphere, blood and cells
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to supply O2 to and remove CO2 from cells

3. The Anatomy and Functions of the Nose

4. The Anatomy and Functions of the Nose (cont’d.)

5. The Anatomy and Functions of the Nose (cont’d.)
External nares: openings into the nose
Internal nares: connect nose and pharynx
Coarse hairs line the vestibules
Filter large dust particles

6. The Anatomy and Functions of the Nose (cont’d.)
Three shelves: formed by turbinate bones
Superior, middle and inferior meatus
Olfactory receptors: located in the superior meatus
Functions of internal nose
Warm and moisturize air, smell, speech tone

7. The Structure and Functions of the Pharynx

8. The Structure and Functions of the Pharynx (cont’d.)
Passageway for food
Passageway for air
Resonating chamber for speech

9. The Structure and Functions of the Pharynx (cont’d.)
Divisions
Nasopharynx: internal nares and Eustachian tubes
Oropharynx: connection to mouth (fauces)
Laryngopharynx: connects with esophagus and larynx

10. The Larynx or Voice Box

11. The Larynx or Voice Box (cont’d.)
Supporting cartilage
Thyroid cartilage: largest, Adam’s apple
Epiglottis: prevents food and liquids from entering trachea
Cricoid: connects with first tracheal ring

12. The Larynx or Voice Box (cont’d.)
Supporting cartilage
Arytenoid: attach to vocal cords and laryngeal muscles
Corniculate and cuneiform: connect epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage

13. The Larynx or Voice Box (cont’d.)
Form and function
Mucous membrane: two pairs of folds
False vocal cords
True vocal cords
Glottis: opening over true vocal cords
Sound produced by air vibrating vocal cords

14. The Larynx or Voice Box (cont’d.)

15. The Trachea or Windpipe

16. The Trachea or Windpipe (cont’d.)
Tubular passageway for air
Anterior to esophagus
Extends from cricoid cartilage to fifth thoracic vertebra
Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
Smooth muscle and connective tissue

17. The Trachea or Windpipe (cont’d.)
Supporting cartilage: stack of Cs
Cough reflex stimulated by foreign object
Tracheostomy done if object cannot be expelled
Usually done between second and third tracheal cartilages
Can be closed when object removed

18. The Bronchi and the Bronchial Tree

19. The Bronchi and the Bronchial Tree (cont’d.)
Needs Fig 17-5

20. The Bronchi and the Bronchial Tree (cont’d.)
Trachea branches into left and right primary bronchi
Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi
Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi

21. The Bronchi and the Bronchial Tree (cont’d.)
Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles
Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles

22. The Anatomy and Function of the Lungs

23. The Anatomy and Function of the Lungs (cont’d.)
Pleural membrane: encloses and protects lungs
Parietal pleura: outer
Visceral pleura: inner
Pleural cavity: between pleura, prevents friction
Pleurisy: inflammation of parietal pleura

24. The Anatomy and Function of the Lungs (cont’d.)
Segments: supplied by each tertiary bronchi
Lobules
Wrapped in elastic connective tissue
Each has: lymphatic, arteriole, venule, bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into respiratory bronchioles

25. The Anatomy and Function of the Lungs (cont’d.)
Respiratory bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts
Alveoli surround the alveolar ducts
Grapelike outpouching
Surrounded by capillary network

26. The Anatomy and Function of the Lungs (cont’d.)
Respiratory gases pass through alveolar-capillary membrane
Coated with surfactant: reduces surface tension

27. The Respiration Process

28. The Respiration Process (cont’d.)
Ventilation or breathing
Inhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Pressure decreases in lungs: air rushes in
Exhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
Pressure increases in lungs: air rushes out

29. The Respiration Process (cont’d.)
External respiration
Exchange of gases between lungs and blood
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between blood and body cells

30. The Respiration Process (cont’d.)
Partial pressure of gas
Amount of pressure gas contributes to total pressure
Directly proportional to concentration of gas
Gas diffuses from high partial pressure to low partial pressure

31. The Respiration Process (cont’d.)
Lung capacity
Functional residual capacity: volume of gas in lungs at the end of a normal tidal volume exhalation
Inspiratory capacity: maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled from end of resting exhalation

32. The Respiration Process (cont’d.)
Lung capacity
Total lung capacity: volume of gas in lungs at end of maximum inspiration
Vital capacity: maximum volume of air that can be expelled at normal rate of exhalation after a maximum inspiration

33. Animation – Respiration
Click Here to Play Respiration Animation

34. Animation – Intercostal Retractions
The following animation illustrates how a restricted airway reduces pressure within the chest cavity, causing the intercostal muscles to move inward, or retract
Click Here to Play Intercostal Retractions Animation

35. Animation – Asthma Read the Health Alert on Asthma in your textbook.
Now watch the asthma animation.
Click Here to Play Asthma Animation

36. Summary Named the organs of the respiratory system and their functions
Discussed the parts of the nose, the pharynx, the larynx and the trachea
Described the bronchial tree

37. Summary (cont’d.)
Discussed the structure and function of the lungs including gas exchange
Described the respiratory process