1. Chapter 3 Part 1- The Organization of Humanity

2. Spaceship Earth The term spaceship earth is used to signify the finiteness (limited) of earth’s resources

3. Late Cenozoic Ice Age- last great ice age that ended 10,000 years ago Global temperatures fell and rebounded repeatedly, causing polar ice caps to expand and retract Glaciers changed the landscape & humans and animals migrated to warmer latitudes influencing humanities dispersal across the planet

4. Holocene epoch- the most recent 12,000 years; the warm phase that followed the latest advance of the ice This time is know as an interglaciation During this time the earth changed as never before But keep in mind that as humanity & its activities expands, nature recedes

5. Plant Domestication Process began in the Holocene Carl Sauer suggested it began in southeastern Asia He believes it started with the cultivation of root crops Planned cultivation of seed plants is a more complex process that is believed to have developed in more than one area at different times Most believe it first happened in southwestern Asia in the Fertile Crescent (area between the Tigris & Euphrates rivers)….Started the first Agricultural Revolution

6. Fertile Crescent

7. Animal Domestication Took place during same time period, Holocene Ex. Goats in Zagros Mountains, sheep in Turkey

8. Early Settlements Plant & animal domestication allowed humans to live in stable, permanent settlements for the first time in human history First settlements began to appear in an area near Southwest Asia

10. With these new settlements a social stratification developed Society moved to a system of classes based on wealth, power, influence, etc With this social ladder, competition developed & people rose above others & villages rose above other villages in their power This started the transition from villages to cities

11. Remember: Why did these villages & cities develop here?

12. Other places where advancements in were being made in agriculture & societies developing…

13. Early Cities & States Cities in the Fertile Crescent became centers of political power, economic strength & religious dominance Babylon was one of the largest & most powerful

14. Babylon The tallest structure in all of Mesopotamia was located in the middle of the city….the Ziggurat, or tower of the great temple