1. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 1 WTO Law - Exceptions

2. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 2 Overview General policy concerns (XX GATT / XIV GATS) Security exceptions (XXI GATT / XIV bis GATS) BOP Safeguards (XII GATT) Regional Integration(XXIV GATT / V GATS Waivers (IX.3, 4 WTOA, XXV GATT) Development Exceptions

3. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 3 Art. XX Exceptions Public Reason for protection, e.g. „public morals“ (a) human, animal or plant life or health (b) Compliance with laws and regulations (d) prison labor (e) national heritage (f) exhaustible national resources (g)

4. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 4 The „Chapeau“ of art. XX Limitation by the „chapeau“ no arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail no disguised restriction on international trade

5. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 5 Sequence of reasoning Legitimate goal Necessity (a, b, d) Weighing and balancing: relative importance Reasonably available (not: indispensable) Relation (c, e, g) Primarily aimed at Not: merely incidentally or inadvertently Not: aims and effects Chapeau as corrective

6. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 6 Art. XXI GATT / XIV bis GATS Exceptions Disclosure of information against national essential security interests Actions necessary for the protection of essential security interests nuclear matters traffic in weaponry and dual-use products time of war or national emergencies Actions mandated by the UN Security Council under chapter VII of the UN Charter Justiciability? „Helms-Burton-Case“ (WT/DS 38)

7. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 7 Balance of Paments Safeguards (XII GATT) Export restrictions Alternative: Help from the International Monetary Fund Limits: Art. XIV.1 a

8. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 8 Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) in GATT Advantages / Disturbance ? Trade deflection but: Trade creation? Customs Unions (XXIV. 8 a) No internal customs for all goods in free circulation For substantially all the trade Single external customs order For substantially all the trade Free Trade Areas (XXIV.8 b) No internal customs for goods originating in the FTA National external customs law Only necessary derogations from WTO rules (Turkey textiles) Compensation Scheme (XXIV.5)

9. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 9 Regional Trade Agreements – V GATS Trade Liberalized Areas (V GATS) Substantial sectoral coverage Absence or elimination of substantially all discrimination Maintaining the overall level of barriers to trade in services (compensation if necessary) Necessity

10. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 10 Waiver Art. IX WTOA In exceptional circumstancres not elsewhere provided for in this Agreement With the consent of two thirds in the council For a limited period, renewable upon scrutiny (≠ Art. XXV GATT) See the „Understanding in Respect of Waivers of Obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994“

11. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 11 Understanding Concering Waivers Clear and detailed application: the problem and the remedies considered End of all the old waivers under GATT 1947 at least two years after the entry into force of the WTOA Right to invoke the DS procedure if the obligations of the waiver decision are not fulfilled

12. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Werner Meng, Europa Institut, Saarland University, Germany 12 Development Exceptions Art. XVIII GATT Infant Industry protection Part IV GATT (Art. XXXVI to XXXVIII GATT) 1979 Decision on “Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Full Participation of Developing Countries” (the “Enabling Clause”) Basis of the General Scheme of Preferences (GSP): „differential and more favourable treatment to developing countries” Graduation Clause Conditionality, but non-discrimination! (EC-GSP) Doha Ministerial Declaration confirms Status: Who is a DC / a LDC