1. Other Types of Reduction Lesson 27 By Joseph C. Blumenthal

2. Reduction is the same as using a tack—and not a spike—to fasten a calendar to the wall. If either a clause or a phrase says exactly the same thing, use the (clause, phrase).

3. Reduction is the same as using a tack—and not a spike—to fasten a calendar to the wall. phrase If either a clause or a phrase says exactly the same thing, use the (clause, phrase).

4. If either a phrase or an adverb says exactly the same thing, use the (phrase, adverb).

5. adverb If either a phrase or an adverb says exactly the same thing, use the (phrase, adverb).

6. 1. Sentence 2. Clause 3. Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) 4. Single word (adjective, adverb) As we move sown this list from 1 to 4, the sentence elements become (simpler, more complicated).

7. 1. Sentence 2. Clause 3. Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) 4. Single word (adjective, adverb) simpler As we move sown this list from 1 to 4, the sentence elements become (simpler, more complicated).

8. 1. Sentence 2. Clause 3. Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) 4. Single word (adjective, adverb) We reduce a word group, we move (up, down) the above list of sentence elements.

9. 1. Sentence 2. Clause 3. Phrase (verbal, appositive, prepositional) 4. Single word (adjective, adverb) down We reduce a word group, we move (up, down) the above list of sentence elements.

10. a. We play the game in a different way. b. We play the game differently. When we reduce the prepositional phrase (4 words) in sentence a to the adverb differently in sentence b, do we change the meaning in any way? (yes, no)

11. a. We play the game in a different way. b. We play the game differently. no When we reduce the prepositional phrase (4 words) in sentence a to the adverb differently in sentence b, do we change the meaning in any way? (yes, no)

12. By reduction we do not mean eliminating words that add to the meaning or interest of a sentence. When we reduce a word group, we make (no, a slight) change in meaning.

13. By reduction we do not mean eliminating words that add to the meaning or interest of a sentence. no When we reduce a word group, we make (no, a slight) change in meaning.

14. In the previous lesson, we reduced clauses to phrases built on present and past participles, gerunds, and infinitives. These word groups are simpler than clauses because they (do, do not) contain subjects and predicates.

15. In the previous lesson, we reduced clauses to phrases built on present and past participles, gerunds, and infinitives. do not These word groups are simpler than clauses because they (do, do not) contain subjects and predicates.

16. Here is an adjective clause that can be reduced to something even simpler—a prepositional phrase. By reducing the adjective clause to prepositional phrase, we eliminate __ words. (How many?) The apples that were in the window looked larger. The apples in the window looked larger.

17. Here is an adjective clause that can be reduced to something even simpler—a prepositional phrase. two By reducing the adjective clause to prepositional phrase, we eliminate two words. (How many?) The apples that were in the window looked larger. The apples in the window looked larger.

18. Reduce the italicized adjective clause to a prepositional phrase: This is a matter which is of great importance. This is a matter _______________.

19. Reduce the italicized adjective clause to a prepositional phrase: This is a matter which is of great importance. This is a matter of great importance.

20. Sometimes you can do even better by reducing the adjective clause to a single adjective. The plane carries a raft that is made of rubber. The plane carries a rubber raft. Does the five-word adjective clause say any more than the one-word adjective rubber? (yes, no)

21. Sometimes you can do even better by reducing the adjective clause to a single adjective. The plane carries a raft that is made of rubber. The plane carries a rubber raft. no Does the five-word adjective clause say any more than the one-word adjective rubber? (yes, no)

22. This is not a good book for people who are nervous. Substitute a single adjective for the adjective clause: This is not a good book for ______ people.

23. This is not a good book for people who are nervous. Substitute a single adjective for the adjective clause: This is not a good book for nervous people.

24. Milk is a necessity for any child that is growing. Milk is a necessity for any growing child. Often a single adjective to which we reduce an adjective clause is a present or past participle. In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

25. Milk is a necessity for any child that is growing. Milk is a necessity for any growing child. Often a single adjective to which we reduce an adjective clause is a present or past participle. present In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

26. Nothing disgusts me more than a child that has been spoiled. Nothing disgusts me more than a spoiled child. In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

27. Nothing disgusts me more than a child that has been spoiled. Nothing disgusts me more than a spoiled child. past In the second sentence the adjective clause has been reduced to a (present, past) participle.

28. Corn, which was our main crop, did poorly that year. Corn, our main crop, did poorly that year. This reduction eliminates two useless words: _____ and ___. Any adjective clause that identifies someone or something can be reduced to an appositive phrase very simply.

29. Corn, which was our main crop, did poorly that year. Corn, our main crop, did poorly that year. Any adjective clause that identifies someone or something can be reduced to an appositive phrase very simply. which was This reduction eliminates two useless words: which and was.

30. The next event, which was a tug of war, was won by the freshmen. Write in the appositive phrase to which the italicized clause can be reduced: The next event, _________, was won by the freshmen.

31. The next event, which was a tug of war, was won by the freshmen. Write in the appositive phrase to which the italicized clause can be reduced: The next event, a tug of war, was won by the freshmen.

32. Do you remember that a gerund is a noun formed by adding –ing to a verb and that a gerund can be used in any way that a noun is used? The women raised money by selling books. Here the gerund phrase selling books is the object of the preposition ___.

33. Do you remember that a gerund is a noun formed by adding –ing to a verb and that a gerund can be used in any way that a noun is used? The women raised money by selling books. by Here the gerund phrase selling books is the object of the preposition by.

34. An adverb clause can often be reduced to a prepositional phrase with a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition (by, for, on, in, before, after, etc.). Because we took a short cut, we saved five miles. By taking a short cut, we saved five miles. The gerund phrase is the object of the preposition ___.

35. An adverb clause can often be reduced to a prepositional phrase with a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition (by, for, on, in, before, after, etc.). Because we took a short cut, we saved five miles. By taking a short cut, we saved five miles. by The gerund phrase is the object of the preposition by.

36. When he saw his final grade, Ron leaped with joy. Complete the following sentence by supplying a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition on: On _________________, Ron leaped with joy.

37. When he saw his final grade, Ron leaped with joy. Complete the following sentence by supplying a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition on: On seeing his final grade, Ron leaped with joy.

38. You can often frighten away wild animals if you will hit two stones together. Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition by: You can often frighten away wild animals by _________________ _______.

39. You can often frighten away wild animals if you will hit two stones together. Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition by: You can often frighten away wild animals by hitting two stones together.

40. Before I joined the club, I attended several meetings. Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition before: Before ____________, I attended several meetings.

41. Before I joined the club, I attended several meetings. Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition before: Before joining the club, I attended several meetings.

42. We have a plan that would improve bus service. Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition for: We have a plan for______________ __________. Here is an adjective clause, too, that can be reduced in the same way:

43. We have a plan that would improve the bus service. Supply a gerund phrase as the object of the preposition for: We have a plan for improving the bus service. Here is an adjective clause, too, that can be reduced in the same way:

44. The French class has a new tape recorder on which they listen to their pronunciation. Change the adjective clause to a prepositional phrase with a gerund: The French class has a new tape recorder _______to their pronunciation.

45. The French class has a new tape recorder on which they listen to their pronunciation. Change the adjective clause to a prepositional phrase with a gerund: The French class has a new tape recorder for listening to their pronunciation.

46. A prepositional phrase can sometimes be replaced by a single adjective or adverb. The cashier looked at the check in a suspicious way. Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: The cashier looked at the check __________.

47. A prepositional phrase can sometimes be replaced by a single adjective or adverb. The cashier looked at the check in a suspicious way. Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: The cashier looked at the check suspiciously.

48. You can buy a film at the store on the corner. Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: You can buy a film at the ______ store.

49. You can buy a film at the store on the corner. Substitute an adverb for the italicized prepositional phrase: You can buy a film at the corner store.

50. Write the following answers on your own sheet of paper.

51. The author who wrote this story knows a lot about sports. (prepositional phrase) In the following slides, reduce each italicized word group to the construction indicated in parentheses: The author __________knows a lot about sports. EXAMPLE

52. The author who wrote this story knows a lot about sports. (prepositional phrase) In the following slides, reduce each italicized word group to the construction indicated in parentheses: The author of this story knows a lot about sports. EXAMPLE

53. The employee must state the reason why he was absent. (prepositional phrase) 1. The employee must state the reason _______________.

54. The article offers many suggestions that are practical. (adjective) 2. The article offers many ________ suggestions.

55. People who are irritable do not make good clerks. (adjective) 3. ________ people do not make good clerks.

56. These toys were made of materials which have been discarded. (past participle) 4. These toys were made of ________ materials.

57. I was kept awake by the faucet that was dripping. (present participle) 5. I was kept awake by the ________ faucet.

58. Dr. Rosalyn Yalow, who was the winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, is a renowned physicist. (appositive phrase) 6. Dr. Rosalyn Yalow, ____________ _________________, is a renowned physicist.

59. Steve’s General Store, which is the only store in the village, sells everything from lollipops to washing machines. (appositive phrase) 7. Steve’s General Store, __________ __________, sells everything from lollipops to washing machines.

60. After he had saved all this money, Jones lost it. (prepositional phrase with gerund) 8. ________________________, Jones lost it.

61. If you will make notes of important facts, you will make reviewing easier. (prepositional phrase with gerund) 9. _________________________, you will make reviewing easier.

62. There seemed to be no way in which we could reduce our expenses. (prepositional phrase with gerund) 10. There seemed to be no way _______________________.

63. Unfortunately, the family has never been fully responsible in financial matters. (adverb) 11. Unfortunately, the family has never been fully responsible _______________________.

64. Some children have unusual talent in music. (adjective) 12. Some children have unusual ________ talent.

65. Mr. Hollis listens in a patient way to all complaints. (adverb) 13. Mr. Hollis listens ____________ to all complaints.

66. Remember not to leave things such as mops and pails on the stairs to the basement. (adjective) 14. Remember not to leave things such as mops and pails on the ________ stairs.

67. 15. Which sentence states the idea in the fewest words? a. There are curtains in the kitchen. They need washing. b. The curtains that are in the kitchen need washing. c. The curtains hanging in the kitchen need washing. d. The curtains in the kitchen need washing. e. The kitchen curtains need washing.

68. a. There are curtains in the kitchen. They need washing. b. The curtains that are in the kitchen need washing. c. The curtains hanging in the kitchen need washing. d. The curtains in the kitchen need washing. e. The kitchen curtains need washing. 16. These sentences illustrate the process of __________.

69. You are done!!!