2. Why do readers struggle? The problem is not illiteracy, but comprehension. The bulk of older struggling readers and writers can read, but cannot understand what they have just read (Carnegie 6).

3. A full 70 percent of U.S. middle and high school students require differentiated instruction—that is, instruction targeted to their individual strengths and weaknesses (Carnegie 7).

4.  Need to teach strategies instead of assigning reading.

5.  Direct, explicit reading comprehension instruction  Intensive writing (Biancarosa, Gina & Catherine E. Snow)

6.  To help students read with a purpose  To make observations or points about a single representative issue or example (36).  To promote a more intensive and elaborate exploration of a single representative piece of evidence by narrowing one’s focus

7.  When completing close readings in class  When I need to create a purpose for my students’ reading assignments

8.  ( typically outside of class). Using one of the thematic topics from below, find 5 lines (full sentences) that support the development of the topic. Please type up your lines. Remember to parenthetically cite your evidence.

9.  “Writing Across the curriculum: The Problem of ‘Content’” (I assign students a specific topic in order to assure equal numbers in my small groups).

10.  Writing  Curriculum (designers)  Committee of Ten  Separation of content and writing  Thinking through Writing

11.  Rank in order of importance of your evidence [ask yourself which details are most interesting or significant or revealing or strange] (35).

12.  Using your #1 choice, write for five minutes explaining how your evidence best supports your topic.  {The writing activity affords the students an opportunity to solidify their thinking}

13.  Group students into thematic topic groups.  As a group Students need to decide which piece of evidence is the strongest piece of evidence to support the thematic topic. Once they have decided, the students need to write the evidence onto the white board).

14.  Each group comes up and shares its evidence. Then as a large group, the students agree to which piece of evidence best represents the piece as a whole. I have the students stand in front and I physically move them so the students can see all of the evidence.)

15.  Students complete a Quick Write for 5 minutes on the evidence which best represented the writing as a whole.

16.  You can modify this assignment in a variety of ways. You could assign them the evidence, and then have the students gather in a group and to rank each of the choices. You would then bring each of the choices up and you rank these as a class.

17. Biancarosa, Gina & Catherine E. Snow. ReadingNext: A VISION FOR ACTION AND RESEARCH IN MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOL LITERACY. Carnegie Corporation: NY, 2006) Carnegie Corporation. Reading Next—A Vision for Action and Research in Middle and High School Literacy: A Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York, 2004..

18. Reference within this presentation to any specific commercial or non-commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply an endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Virginia Department of Education.