1. Trauma, multiple casualties

2. Polytrauma Multisystem trauma Terminology: 4 Injury = the result of harmful event that arieses from the release of specific forms of energy. 4 “polytrauma” = Multisystem trauma = injury of two or more systems, one or the combination imperil vital signs.

3. Trauma deaths First peak 4 Within minutes of injury 4 Due to major neurological or vascular injury 4 Medical treatment can rarely improve outcome Second peak 4 Occurs during the 'golden hour' 4 Due to intracranial haematoma, major thoracic or abdominal injury 4 Primary focus of intervention for the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) methodology Third peak 4 Occurs after days or weeks 4 Due to sepsis and multiple organ failure

4. Assessment of the injured patient 4 Primary survey and resuscitation –A = Airway and cervical spine –B = Breathing –C = Circulation and haemorrhage control –D = Dysfunction of the central nervous system –E = Exposure 4 Secondary survey 4 Definitive treatment 4 Call for help ER 155

5. Airway and cervical spine 4 Always assume that patient has cervical spine injury 4 If patient can talk then he is able to maintain own airway 4 If airway compromised initially attempt a chin lift and clear airway of foreign bodies 4 Intubate or cricothyroidotomy 4 Give 100% Oxygen

6. Breathing 4 Check position of trachea, respiratory rate and air entry 4 If clinical evidence of tension pneumothorax will need immediate relief 4 Place venous cannula through second intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line 4 If open chest wound seal with occlusive dressing

7. Circulation and haemorrhage control 4 Assess pulse, capillary return and state of neck veins 4 Identify exsanguinating haemorrhage and apply direct pressure 4 Place two large calibre intravenous cannulas Give intravenous fluids (crystalloid or colloid) 4 Attach patient to ECG monitor

8. Dysfunction Assess level of consciousness using AVPU method A = alert V = responding to voice P = responding to pain U = unresponsive Assess pupil size, equality and responsiveness

9. Exposure 4 Avoid hypothermia Fully undress patients Avoid hypothermia

10. Multiple casualties 4 several causalties at the same time. 1. Alarm ER services 2. Assess the scene - without puting your safety at risk. 3. Triage 'do the most for the most'

11. Triage 4 Ability to walk 4 Airway 4 Respiratory rate 4 Pulse rate or capillary return

13. Road accidents 4 fall from a bicycle …. major incident with many causalties. 4 serious risks to safety - traffic

14. 1. Make the area safe 4 protect yourself, the causalty and other road users. –Park your car safely, turn lights on, set hazard lights flashing. –Do not across a bussy motorway to reach other side –Set others to warn other comming drivers –Set up warning triangles or lights 200 metres in each direction. 4 Swich off ignition of any damaged vehicle. 4 Is anyone smoking?

15. 2. Check all caulsalties 4 quick assess 4 no moving 4 apply life-saving treatment

16. 3. Treat 4 in the position found 4 first life-threatening or potentialy serious injuries

17. 4. search all area

19. How to move unconscious casualty 4 do not move the casualty unless it is absolutely necessary 4 assume neck injury until proved otherwise –support head and neck with your hands, so he can breathe freely Apply a collar, if possible –There should be only 1 axis (head, neck, thorax) no moving to sides, no flexion, no extension. –with other 3-4 people 1 support head (he is directing others), other one shoulders and chest, other one hips and abdomen, last one - legs.