1. Welcome First Aid Training Emergency

3. Preserve Life Prevent Worsening Promote Recovery The aims of first aid P P P

4. Priorities of treatment – Primary survey 2 Danger Response Airway Breathing Circulation D R A B C

5. Remove Danger YES Resuscitation  Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths.  Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths.  Only stop to recheck the casualty if they start to wake up AND start breathing normally.  If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 1 - 2 minutes to prevent fatigue. 30 to 2 Resuscitation flow chart 3 Open Airway A Normal Breathing? Call 999/112 Now (If not already done) NO B Danger? D Response? NO Help! R

6. Danger Response Airway D R A B Resuscitation 4-8 Breathing Normally?

7. WARNING: “In the first few minutes after cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely breathing, or taking infrequent, noisy gasps. These are known as ‘agonal’ gasps, and should not be confused with normal breathing.” If you are in doubt, start CPR. Resuscitation 4-8

8. First Aiders can use the adult sequence of resuscitation on a child or baby who is unresponsive and not breathing. Child and baby CPR 7 7

9. For a baby under 1 year, use two fingers For a child over 1 year, use one or two hands to achieve an adequate depth The following minor modifications to the adult sequence will, however, make it even more suitable for use in children: If you are on your own, perform resuscitation for about 1 minute before going for help Give five initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions Compress the chest by about one-third of its depth: Child and baby CPR 7

10. Vomiting 8 Gurgling noises when giving rescue breaths?

11. Secondary survey 9 Primary Survey First – DRABC Recovery Position? History, Signs and Symptoms Head and Neck Shoulders and Chest Abdomen and Pelvis Legs and Arms Pockets and Clues

12. Recovery Position 9

13. The respiratory system

15. Choking adult or child 11 Cough ! 5 Back Blows 5 Abdominal Thrusts

16. Choking baby 13 5 Chest Thrusts 5 Back Blows

17. Choking – unconscious casualty 4-7 Start CPR

18. Shock 14 About one third

19. Treatment of bleeding 15 Sit or Lay Examine Elevate Pressure S E E P

20. Indirect pressure points

21. Types of wound – laceration

24. Types of wound – puncture wound

25. Types of wound – amputation

26. Size Cause Age Location Depth Severity of burns 19 S C A L D

27. 1% Burns – estimating the area 19

28. Burns 19

29. Burns treatment 19 1 2 3 Cool Remove Dress

30. Broken bones – The skeleton 20

31. Pain Loss of power Unnatural movement Swelling or bruising Deformity Irregularity Crepitus Tenderness Broken bones – signs and symptoms 20

32. Types of fracture – closed

33. Types of fracture – open

34. Note the poor aseptic technique! Types of fracture – open fracture

36. Dislocation Dislocated Normal

37. The spine 21 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Fused Sacral

38. Aorta Coronary Artery The heart 22

39. Cholesterol Plaque Coronary Artery Wall Reduced blood flow Angina 22

40. Heart Attack Heart attack 22 Blood Clot

41. Heart attack 22 Blood clot

42. Area of dying heart muscle Heart attack 22 Blood clot

43. Factors giving relief Other signs and symptoms Pulse Skin Duration Location of Pain Pain Onset Sudden, usually during exertion, stress or extreme weather. Sudden, can occur at rest. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’. Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’. Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. 3 – 8 Minutes, rarely longer.Usually longer than 30 minutes. Pale, may be sweaty. Pale, grey colour. May sweat profusely. Variable. Often becomes irregular, missing beats. Shortness of breath, weakness, anxiety. Shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sense of ‘impending doom’. Resting, reducing stress, taking ‘GTN’ medication. GTN medication may give partial or no relief. Angina Heart Attack Angina and heart attack 22

44. Facial weakness Arm weakness Speech problems Time to call 999! Stroke 23 F A S T

45. Stroke 23 Normal Unequal Dilated

46. Diabetes 24 insulin Fixed amount injected: Burns up sugar! To balance the insulin taken. Eaten: sugar

47. Diabetes – untreated 24 insulin sugar

48. Diabetes – low blood sugar 24 sugar insulin Overdosed on insulin Or not eaten enough food; Or over exercised.

49. Oxygen + Food = Energy = LIFE Oxygen + Food = Energy = LIFE Why is low blood sugar so dangerous? glucose Brain cells can only use glucose (sugar) for energy. Diabetes – low blood sugar 24

50. High Blood Sugar Low Blood Sugar Onset Slow Fast Levels of response Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly Skin Dry and Warm Pale, cold, sweaty Breathing Deep sighing breaths Shallow and rapid Pulse Rapid Other symptoms Excessive urination Very thirsty Hunger Fruity smell on breath May be confused for drunkenness Diabetes 24

51. Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign. Anaphylaxis 27

52. Successful Resuscitation? and finally…

53. Thank you! First Aid Training Emergency

54. The airway 4

55. Make your own slides / mnemonics X Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta Echo A B C D E

56. Alpha Make your own slides / mnemonics X A B C D Bravo Charlie Delta Echo E F G H Golf Hotel Foxtrot Indigo I J K L Kilo Lima Juliette Mike M N O P November Oscar Papa Quebec Q R S T Sierra Tango Romeo Uniform U V W X Whiskey X-ray Victor Y Z Yankee Zulu