1. The Third Wave: Globalization and Non-State Feminism Dr. Laura Brunell Department of Political Science Gonzaga University

2. The Third Wave Terminology comes from waves of democratization in world history Terminology comes from waves of democratization in world history And from waves of women’s social movement activism And from waves of women’s social movement activism My thesis: the confluence of third wave feminism and the third wave of democratization creates specific kinds of leadership opportunities for women My thesis: the confluence of third wave feminism and the third wave of democratization creates specific kinds of leadership opportunities for women

3. First Wave Democratization and First Wave Feminism 1600s-1900 European Enlightenment Liberalism Constitutional Monarchies and Republics Voting Rights for All? Women Excluded until 20 th Century

4. Second Wave Democratization Post-WWII Post-WWII Decolonization in Latin America, Asia, Africa Decolonization in Latin America, Asia, Africa Expanded notions of citizenship and civic participation in the developed world Expanded notions of citizenship and civic participation in the developed world Europe – Social Rights, Social Democracy Europe – Social Rights, Social Democracy US - Civil Rights Movement US - Civil Rights Movement

5. Second Wave Democratization and Feminism in Western Europe Aftermath of WWII Aftermath of WWII Consensus on Social Democracy Consensus on Social Democracy Social Rights including right to work, housing, healthcare Social Rights including right to work, housing, healthcare Implications for women: Implications for women: Paid leave for maternity, childcare, child allowances, right to return to job, reduced schedules, state funded nurseries, pre- schools

6. Second Wave Feminism in Europe In addition to social rights: Greater access to political office Greater access to political office Advantages of the Parliamentary system Advantages of the Parliamentary system Party-based quotas Party-based quotas Stronger role for party in recruitment Stronger role for party in recruitment Women work their way up the party ranks Women work their way up the party ranks Ministries or Offices for Women Ministries or Offices for Women State Feminism in Europe State Feminism in Europe

7. Second Wave Feminism in the US 1963 Betty Friedan’s The Feminist Mystique Sexual Politics The Personal is Political Building Women’s Organizations

8. Second Wave Feminism in the US Consciousness raising Consciousness raising Legal strategies Legal strategies Service provision through feminist organizations Service provision through feminist organizations Getting more women elected Getting more women elected http://www.emilyslist.org/

9. Women in Politics Today Women are heads of state today: Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Liberia, Philippines, San Marino Women are heads of state today: Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Liberia, Philippines, San Marino Women heads of government: Bangladesh, New Zealand, Mozambique, Germany, Jamaica, Sao Tome and Principe Women heads of government: Bangladesh, New Zealand, Mozambique, Germany, Jamaica, Sao Tome and Principe

10. Women in Parliaments Today Do women make a difference? Weldon findings Independent women’s movement AND state structure for women

11. Do women make a difference? Laurel Weldon (2002) Protest, Policy and the Problem of Violence Against Women. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Laurel Weldon (2002) Protest, Policy and the Problem of Violence Against Women. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Strong, autonomous women’s movement Strong, autonomous women’s movementAND State institutions designed to promote the status of women State institutions designed to promote the status of women

12. Do Women Have Different Leadership Style? Skeptical Skeptical Anecdotal evidence, e.g. Fortune magazine Anecdotal evidence, e.g. Fortune magazine Beer and Brunell on Gender Differences in Language in Congressional Vote for 1991 Gulf War Beer and Brunell on Gender Differences in Language in Congressional Vote for 1991 Gulf War

13. Do Women Have Different Leadership Style? Lyn Kathlene’s study of CO legislators Lyn Kathlene’s study of CO legislators Women’s bills were more comprehensive and innovative Women’s bills were more comprehensive and innovative Thus, they generated more opposition Thus, they generated more opposition In committee, women acted more as facilitators, men as controllers In committee, women acted more as facilitators, men as controllers Men speak up sooner Men speak up sooner

14. Third Wave Democratization Latin America Latin America Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Within existing “advanced industrialized democracies,” the rise of identity politics Within existing “advanced industrialized democracies,” the rise of identity politics Post-industrial values Post-industrial values Quality of life Quality of life Personal autonomy Personal autonomy Identification with sub-culture/communities of difference Identification with sub-culture/communities of difference

15. Third Wave Feminism In US, emphasis on multi-culturalism Different experiences of Black, Chicano, Asian women Different experiences of Black, Chicano, Asian women Intersections of race, class, gender Intersections of race, class, gender GLBT issues GLBT issues Re-claiming, re-casting “femininity,” the expression of female sexuality Re-claiming, re-casting “femininity,” the expression of female sexuality

16. Third Wave Feminism Shift to Global Issues Shift to Global Issues Impact of globalization on women, especially women in developing countries in sweatshops, sex tourism industry Impact of globalization on women, especially women in developing countries in sweatshops, sex tourism industry Rise of human trafficking, sex trafficking Rise of human trafficking, sex trafficking Other issues facing women in developing world, e.g., women living under Taliban, facing death by stoning under Shariah law in Nigeria, facing genital cutting in other parts of Africa Other issues facing women in developing world, e.g., women living under Taliban, facing death by stoning under Shariah law in Nigeria, facing genital cutting in other parts of Africa Global movement against violence against women Global movement against violence against women

17. Third Wave Feminism New Opportunities for Women’s Leadership Turn away from the state as nation-state loses power Turn away from the state as nation-state loses power Shift to international organizations and agreements such as the UN and CEDAW Shift to international organizations and agreements such as the UN and CEDAW Shift in level of organizing to the trans- national feminist organization Shift in level of organizing to the trans- national feminist organization

18. Trans-National Feminism: Opportunities for Women Leaders The Feminist Majority The Feminist Majority Devoted to watch-dogging US gender policy but also has on-going campaign to publicize status of women in Afghanistan Devoted to watch-dogging US gender policy but also has on-going campaign to publicize status of women in Afghanistan And a campaign against sweatshops http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/ And a campaign against sweatshops http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/ http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/ http://feministmajority.org/about.asp http://feministmajority.org/about.asp http://feministmajority.org/about.asp

19. Trans-National Feminism: Opportunities for Women Leaders Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch Section on Women Section on Women http://www.hrw.org/ women/ http://www.hrw.org/ women/ http://www.hrw.org/ women/ http://www.hrw.org/ women/

20. Resources Statistics on Women in Politics: http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/statistics.ht m http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/statistics.ht m http://www.ipu.org/english/home.htm Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance http://www.idea.int/gender/index.cfm Quotas for Women in Politics: http://www.quotaproject.org/system.cfm

21. Resources List of Women Heads of State: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_head s_of_state http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_head s_of_state List of Women Heads of Government: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Current_fe male_heads_of_government http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Current_fe male_heads_of_government Fortune article on Women in Power: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_a rchive/2003/10/13/350932/index.htm http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_a rchive/2003/10/13/350932/index.htm

22. Other Sources Kathlene, Lyn. 1992. “Studying the New Voice of Women in Politics.” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 18, 1992, B2. Kathlene, Lyn. 1992. “Studying the New Voice of Women in Politics.” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 18, 1992, B2. Beer, Francis and Laura Brunell. 2001. “Women’s Words: Gender and Rhetoric in the Gulf War Debate.” Meanings of War and Peace. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. Beer, Francis and Laura Brunell. 2001. “Women’s Words: Gender and Rhetoric in the Gulf War Debate.” Meanings of War and Peace. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.