1. FACTORS INFLUENCING DRIVERS’ SPEEDING BEHAVIOUR Henriette Wallén Warner @

2. ”This must never happen again!” Coroner, 1896

3. Speed The power model (Nilsson, 2000) U-shaped relationship (Solomon, 1964)

4. Risk Perception

5. ISA - Intelligent Speed Adaptation Technical systems that are intended to help drivers keep the right speed

6. Different typs of ISA informative warning intervening overtaking

7. ISA - in Sweden  Swedish National Road Administration  1999-2002  4500 vehicles  4 cities

8. Borlänge - 400 vehicles - 700 km of roads  Informed  Warned  Logged

9. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) Behaviour Normativa Beliefs Subjective Norm Intention Perceived Behavioural Control Attitude ControlBeliefs BehaviouralBeliefs (Ajzen, 1991)

10. Results Attitude SubjectiveNorm Self-ReportedBehaviour ObservedBehaviour LISREL.22.27.37 R 2 =.39 R 2 =.28 -.29 -.34 -.39.57 Perceived Behavioural Control.23 χ2 [df = 2, N = 112 ] = 2.01; p =.37; RMSEA =.008

11. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the TPB, with some modifications, can be used to predict and understand drivers’ intention and everyday speeding behaviour

12. Results - obstructing (N=145-161) Urban Fast traffic rythm Drivers close behind Being in a hurry Rural Fast traffic rythm Drivers close behind Good roads

13. Results - facilitating (N=145-161) Urban Increased accident risk People along the roads Speed reducing measures (humps) Rural Serious consequences People living along the roads Large penalties

14. Results -intention (N=145-161) Urban Shorter travel times Increased risk of losing driving licence People along the roads Passing a speed sign Rural Shorter travel times Easier to over take Contribute to a stressful traffic environment Relatives and friends People living along the roads Passing a speed sign Being in a hurry

15. Countermeasures information/education enforcement (negative or positive) physical measures (road or invehicle)

16. Speeding on streets with 50 km/h speed limit %

17. Conclusions Initially the informing ISA speed-warning device reduces the amount of time drivers spend speeding - but this effect decreases with time

18. Driving Experience Feeling controlled *** Safety in traffic Attention of pedestrians Travel time in urban areas * Irritation in traffic ** Stress in traffic

19. Driving Behaviour Feeling of being in the way Looking at the speedometer *** Need for paying attention Feeling of frustration Feeling of time pressure Need for effort Need for accelerating/braking Being a better driver **

20. Acceptance of ISA (van der Laan, 1997) Usefulness Satisfaction

21. Where is ISA most desirable? at schools and day nurseries with 30 km/h at schools and day nurseries with 50 km/h housing estates with 30 km/h in urban areas with 30 km/h in housing estates with 50 km/h in rural areas with 70 km/h in urban areas during night time in rural areas with 90 km/h in rural areas with 110 km/h on highways with 110 km/h

22. For Whom is ISA most desirable? drivers who have repeatedly been convicted for speeding drivers who recently received their driving licence young private drivers commercial drivers transporting children to school bus drivers taxi drivers truck drivers all commercial drivers elderly private drivers all private car drivers

23. Speed Reducing Measure Urban areas * Rural areas

24. Global Perspective (WHO, 2004) Globally 2004: 1.2 million killed Vulnerable road users (especially elderly, children and disabled) in low- and middle- income countries shoulder a large proportion High income countries 27% decrease of road traffic deaths between 2004 and 2020 Low and middle income countries 83% increase of road traffic deaths between 2004 and 2020

25. Sweden (n=37) -25 : 3 25-50 : 22 50- : 12 31 men; 6 women Nigeria (n=28) -25 : 1 25-50 : 21 50- : 4 28 men; 0 women

26. Sweden Extensive training New taxis (00-06; M=05) Nigeria 25% lacks training Older taxis (84-04; M=93) Drivers and Taxis

27. Index Sweden mean (SD) Nigeria mean (SD) t-value Hindered: urban areas1.19 (0.32) 1.15 (0.19) ns Hindered: rural areas1.55 (0.33) 1.49 (0.34) ns Driving is: 1=safe; 2=dangerous 1.32 (0.32) 1.98 (0.07) 11.04 Traffic environment

28. Sweden Speeding Alcohol or drugs Reckless driving Nigeria Bad roads Reckless driving Speeding Accidents

29. Sweden Nigeria 22% 83% Fate

30. Index Sweden mean (SD) Nigeria mean (SD) t-value A (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 2.41 (1.28) 1.14 (0.45) -5.57 SN (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 2.06 (0.98) 1.08 (0.27) -5.68 PBC (Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy) -4.92 (0.27) - Intention (1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time) 2.14 (1.13) 1.71 (0.86) n.s. Speeding

31. Index Sweden mean (SD) Nigeria mean (SD) t-value A (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 1.14 (0.48) 1.00 (0.00) n.s. SN (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 1.00 (0.00) 1.04 (0.19) n.s PBC (Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy) -5.00 (0.00) - Intention (1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time) 1.00 (0.00) 1.13 (0.45) n.s. Drinking and driving

32. Index Sweden mean (SD) Nigeria mean (SD) t-value A (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 1.59 (1.09) 1.25 (0.58) n.s. SN (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 1.36 (0.64) 1.27 (0.60) n.s PBC (Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy) -4.81 (0.49) - Intention (1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time) 1.41 (0.90) 1.58 (0.88) n.s. Not using seat-belts

33. Index Sweden mean (SD) Nigeria mean (SD) t-value A (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 1.65 (0.68) 1.00 (0.00) -5.84 SN (1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable) 1.51 (0.74) 1.04 (0.20) -3.63 PBC (Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy) -5.00 (0.00) - Intention (1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time) 1.22 (0.48) 1.17 (0.48) n.s. Driving a car with bad tyres

34. Conclusion The focus of traffic safety research has to shift from the road users in high-income countries to the road users in low- and middle-income countries

35. FRÅGOR?? Henriette Wallén Warner @