1. pecan BY DORGAM HIJAZI JUNIOR STDNT - AL NAJAH UNIV.

3. Scientific classification KingdomPlantae Class Magnoliophyta SubclassEudicots OrderFagales FamilyJuglandaceae Genus Carya Nutt Species C. illinoinensis Binomial name Carya illinoinensis

4. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION & Plant Facts  Origin: native to North America  Height: 66–131 ft feet (20-40 m),  Spread: 39 to 75 feet (12–23 m)  Pecan is Perennial woody crop  Pecans are large, long-lived trees with upright, vase-shaped crowns when open-grown  Planting Design 40×40 ft (12 meter) between trees

5.  Dicot plant  Deciduous fruit tree  There are over 500 pecan cultivars  Pecan tree commonly used after fully ripening  According to use nuts (Stone Fruit) and as a shade tree  Pruning : very little pruning is necessary, since trees form a natural, vase-shaped  Pest resistance: sensitive to pests/diseases  Light : full sun, partial sun or partial shade

6.  Maintenance: Remove dead growth, Prune to maintain strong branching, Prevent complete soil dryness,  Fertilize 3 times a year with lawn fertilizer 3:1:2 ratio  Cold Tolerant: yes  soil : clay; sand; loam; alkaline; acidic  salt tolerance: none  Chilling hrs 500 h

7. Root  Roots: can form large surface roots  Winter interest: no  Pecan roots divided to the following : (1) Taproots, which grow straight down and determine the depth of penetration of the roots under the particular conditions; (2) lateral roots, which usually grow in a horizontal direction straight from the tree  The crowding of pecan roots between close trees begins much earlier than the crowding of branches of the same trees.

8. Bark  trunk can reach 2m diameter  Trunk/bark/branches: branches don't droop showy typically one trunk  Breakage: susceptible to breakage  Bark is thick, ridged  dark brown

9. Leaves and Buds  Leaf type: pinnate compound  Leaf arrangement: alternate  Leaf margin: serrate  Leaf shape: lanceolate  Leaf color: green Fall color: yellow

10. Flowers  Pecans are monoecious ;  Pecans have separate male and female flowers, which are located on different parts of the same tree  Female inflorescences are spikes  male inflorescences are pendulous spikes commonly referred to as catkins  Both male and female flowers are green in color FEMALEMALE

11. Pollination  In pecans, the period of time over which pollen is shed commonly does not coincide with the period of female flower receptivity to pollen. Thus, pecans often require another cultivar for pollination since the timing of the male and female functions is different on a given tree. This condition is referred to as dichogamy and is common in trees in the Juglandaceaea

12. Fruit  The husk( قشرة ) dehisces along 4 regular sutures, unlike walnuts which lack suture which splits irregularly at maturity.  Fruit color: brown  Nuts have hard shell  Nuts are ovoid ( بيضاوي الشكل ), 1-2 inches long, containing a large embryo composed mostly of two cotyledons or kernels

13. Propagation  Grafting is the most popular method of propagation.  The “banana graft” is simple and increasingly popular for pecans.  Seedlings are often budded or grafted in-situ after 2-3 years growth in the orchard, since this is less costly and risky than transplanting relatively large trees from nurseries.  Pecan seedlings are the most common rootstocks

14. popular method of propagation  The Bark Graft  The Three-Flap Graft  The Arrowhead Graft

15. The Bark Graft

16. The Three-Flap Graft

17. The Arrowhead Graft

18. Soils and Climate  Pecan trees prefer light to medium textured soils, pH 5.5- 6.0, but can be grown on soils with higher clay content and higher pH. Soil depth should be several feet.  Pecans perform equally well in arid and humid climates, provided with adequate soil water and disease management. Disease pressure is worse in humid climates  Cold hardiness is fair; young trees may be killed outright by temperatures of -5 to 0°F(-20,-17 c). Frost is rarely a problem due to late budbreak

19. Pecan type & species  Byrd : is selected from a cross of ‘Pawnee’ x ‘Wichita.’ It is one of the very few cultivars with a large size and very early harvest date, usually ripening in mid-late September  Amling : medium-sized nuts have a high quality kernel and are easy to shell, this cultivar is considered by some to have low yield potential

20. Pecan type & species

21. Harvest  Pecan start falling from early September to November  Pecans are harvested with trunk or limb shakers, depending on tree age.  Pecan harvesting equipment. Trunks or individual limbs are shaken, depending on tree size  Leaves and other debris is separated from the nuts by blowers attached to the windrower and harvester

22. Harvest of Pecan

23. Hand Combine

24. Postharvest Handling & STORAGE  Nuts are separated from husk, leaves and other debris, then dried in forced-air heaters to a moisture content of 10-15%.  Nuts can be stored for about 4 months at room temperature before becoming rancid( نتن )  Pecans can be frozen and refrozen for at least two years without loss of flavor or texture.  Poor storage makes pecan susceptible to insect.

25. Dietary value, per 100 gram edible portion

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28. REFERENCES  http://www.fruit-crops.com/pecan-carya-illinoensis http://www.fruit-crops.com/pecan-carya-illinoensis  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan  http://www.nuts-about-pecans.com http://www.nuts-about-pecans.com  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTbKhnp0wH0 فيديو لعملية الحصاد https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTbKhnp0wH0  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI4XYdiSoWw فيديو للحصاد اليدوي