1. Invasive Species….the sequel Just when you thought it was safe to go back into the water…

2. Recall… Invasive species means an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic harm or environmental harm or harm to human health. Invasive species are one of the largest threats to our terrestrial, coastal and freshwater ecosystems. Invasive species can affect aquatic ecosystems directly, or indirectly by affecting the land in ways that ultimately will harm aquatic ecosystems.

3. Causing Species Extinction & Loss of Biodiversity Invasive species represent the second leading cause of species extinction and loss of biodiversity in aquatic environments worldwide. What’s the main cause?

4. Loss of Habitat!

5. Expense of Invasive Species Invasive species also result in: – considerable economic effects through direct economic losses and management / control costs – dramatic alteration of ecosystems that support commercial and recreational activities

6. Harmful Invasive Species?

7. Invasive Species and Ecosystems Effects on aquatic ecosystems result in: – decreased native populations – modified water tables – changes in run-off dynamics and fire frequency http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/habitat/invasive_species_index.cfm http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/

8. Invertebrate Invasive Species Africanized Honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri) Asian Long-Horned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) (Nov 3, 2010) Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) Chillip Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) Citrus Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) Common Pine Shoot Beetle (Tomicus piniperda) (Jun 24, 2010) Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) European Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) European Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Formosan Subterranean Termite (Coptotermes formosanus) Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata) Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana) Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens) Pink Hibiscus Mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) Sirex Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) Africanized Honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri) Asian Long-Horned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) Chillip Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) Citrus Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora chinensis) Common Pine Shoot Beetle (Tomicus piniperda) Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) European Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) European Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Formosan Subterranean Termite (Coptotermes formosanus) Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata) Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana) Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens) Pink Hibiscus Mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) Sirex Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines)

9. Vertebrate Invasive Species Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

10. Invasive Species: Aquatic Plants Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) (Apr 24, 2009) Brazilian Waterweed (Egeria densa) Caulerpa, Mediterranean Clone (Caulerpa taxifolia) Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Curly Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)(Sep 30, 2010) Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Didymo (Didymosphenia geminata) Giant Reed (Arundo donax) Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) Brazilian Waterweed (Egeria densa) Caulerpa, Mediterranean Clone (Caulerpa taxifolia) Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Curly Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Didymo (Didymosphenia geminata) Giant Reed (Arundo donax) Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

11. Invasive Species: Aquatic Animals Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) Asian Carps Asian Shore Crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) (Sep 30, 2010) Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus) Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Clubbed Tunicate (Styela clava) (Jun 16, 2009) Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) European Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) Flathead Catfish (Pylodictus olivaris) Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) New Zealand Mud Snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) Nutria (Myocastor coypus) Quagga Mussel (Dreissena bugensis) Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Sea Squirt (Didemnum vexillum) Spiny Water Flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) Veined Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) White Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) (Sep 30, 2010) Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) Asian Carps Asian Shore Crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus) Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Clubbed Tunicate (Styela clava) Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) European Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) Flathead Catfish (Pylodictus olivaris) Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) New Zealand Mud Snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) Nutria (Myocastor coypus) Quagga Mussel (Dreissena bugensis) Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Sea Squirt (Didemnum vexillum) Spiny Water Flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) Veined Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) White Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

12. Asian carp: invasive species Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Introduced into US in the 1960s from Eurasia

13. Asian Carp Short Clips http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yS7zkTnQVaM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WJlObGnih4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oii4U3cQx_E

14. Asian Carp in Great Lakes The Great Lakes food web has been significantly degraded in recent decades by aquatic invasive species

15. Bighead and silver carp Very large, reaching up to 90 pounds. Filter-feeders, eat zooplankton Zooplankton is the main food source for many native species, including mussels, larval fish, and some adult fish The Asian carp’s niche may also overlap with salmon and perch, species with high recreational and commercial value, and may out-compete these species and endanger the fishery.

16. Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Native Range: Several major Pacific drainages in eastern Asia from the Amur River in eastern Russia south through much of eastern half of China to Pearl River, possibly including northern Vietnam (Berg 1949; Li and Fang 1990).

17. Silver Carp: Means of Introduction Imported and stocked for phytoplankton control in eutrophic water bodies and also apparently as a food fish. First brought into the United States in 1973 when a private fish farmer imported silver carp into Arkansas (Freeze and Henderson 1982). By the mid 1970s the silver carp was being raised at six state, federal, and private facilities By the late 1970s it had been stocked in several municipal sewage lagoons (Robison and Buchanan 1988). By 1980 the species was discovered in natural waters, probably a result of escapes from fish hatcheries and other types of aquaculture facilities (Freeze and Henderson 1982). Occurrence of silver carp in the Ouachita River in Louisiana likely the result of an escape from an aquaculture facility upstream in Arkansas (Freeze & Henderson). Florida introduction was a result of stock contamination, a silver carp having been inadvertently released with a stock of grass carp being used for aquatic plant control (Middlemas 1994).

18. Impact of Introduction Difficult to predict because of its place in the food web. In numbers, the silver carp has the potential to cause enormous damage to native species because it feeds on plankton required by larval fish and native mussels (Laird and Page 1996). This species would also be a potential competitor with adults of some native fishes, for instance, gizzard shad, that also rely on plankton for food (Pflieger 1997). A study by Sampson et al. (2008) found that Asian carp (silver and bighead carps) had dietary overlap with gizzard shad and bigmouth buffalo

20. Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus Native Range: Most major Pacific drainages of eastern Asia from the Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) basin in China north to the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) basin of China and far eastern Russia; possibly native to the Honghe or Red River of northern Vietnam

21. Means of Introduction First brought into the United States in the early 1970s as a "contaminant" in imported grass carp stocks. Came from Asia to a private fish farm in Arkansas (Nico 2005). Subsequent introductions of black carp into this country occurred in the early 1980s. During this period it was imported as a food fish and as a biological control agent to combat the spread of yellow grub Clinostomum margaritum in aquaculture ponds (Nico et al.) First known record of an introduction of black carp into open waters occurred in Missouri in 1994 when thirty or more black carp along with several thousand bighead carp reportedly escaped into the Osage River, Missouri River drainage, when high water flooded hatchery ponds at an aquaculture facility near Lake of the Ozarks.

22. Impact of Introduction: black carp High potential that the black carp would negatively impact native aquatic communities by feeding on, and reducing, populations of native mussels and snails, many of which are considered endangered or threatened. Given their size and diet preferences, black carp have the potential to restructure benthic communities by direct predation and removal of algae-grazing snails. Mussel beds consisting of smaller individuals and juvenile recruits are probably most vulnerable to being consumed by black carp; based on the fact that black carp attain a large size (> 1 meter long), both juvenile and adult mussels and snails of many species would be vulnerable to predation by this fish Fish farmers report that black carp are very effective in reducing the numbers of snails in some ponds.

23. Mylopharyngodon piceus distribution

24. Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

25. Means of Introduction: Grass Carp Both authorized and unauthorized stockings of grass carp have taken place for biological control of vegetation. First imported to the United States in 1963 from Taiwan to aquaculture facilities in Auburn, Alabama, and from Malaysia to Stuttgart, Arkansas. First release into open waters took place at Stuttgart, Arkansas, when fish escaped the Fish Farming Experimental Station. Many early stockings in Arkansas were in lakes or reservoirs open to stream systems. By the early 1970s there were many reports of grass carp captured in the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Species spread rapidly as a result of widely scattered research projects, stockings by federal, state, and local government agencies, legal and illegal interstate transport and release by individuals and private groups, escapes from farm ponds and aquaculture facilities.

26. Distribution: Grass Carp

27. Impact of Introduction: grass carp Grass carp have significantly altered the food web and trophic structure of aquatic systems by inducing changes in plant, invertebrate, and fish communities. Effects are largely secondary consequences of decreases in the density and composition of aquatic plant communities. Organisms requiring limnetic habitats and food webs based on phytoplankton tend to benefit from the presence of grass carp. Grass carp seem to affect other animal species by modifying preferred habitat, an indirect effect. Grass carp may directly influence other animals through either predation or competition when plant food is scarce. Negative effects involving grass carp include interspecific competition for food with invertebrates (e.g., crayfish) and other fishes, changes in the composition of macrophyte, phytoplankton, and invertebrate communities, and interference with the reproduction of other fishes.

28. Stopping the Migration of Asian Carp Migration through the Illinois River, Des Plaines River, and Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) is the most acute AIS threat facing the Great Lakes today. To prevent movement of Asian carp into the Great Lakes, the Army Corps of Engineers constructed a barrier that acts as an electric fence

29. Impacts on Commercial and Recreational Activities Ecological changes impact many recreational and commercial activities dependent on aquatic ecosystems.

30. Press Release for Immediate Release: November 29, 2010 Asian Carp Bill Due On House Floor Representative Tom Petri (R-WI) reports that legislation already approved by the Senate is due on the floor of the House of Representatives to explicitly ban the importation of Asian carp. "It's no exaggeration to say the issue of Asian carp entry into the Great Lakes is one that has raised great fears on the part of Wisconsin and other Great Lakes states. The carp popula- tion could disrupt the fundamental ecology of the Great Lakes, resulting in tremendous economic damage, particularly to our fishing industry," Petri said. "We are working to prevent wild Asian carp from getting into Lake Michigan through the Chicago ship canal, and it makes sense to take further measures to keep this invasive, damaging species out. With our human ingenuity and know-how, we should be able to outsmart the fish," he said. If the bill is approved in the House, it will go directly to the President for his signature. http://petri.house.gov/apps/list/press/wi06_petri/PetrionCarpLeg.shtml

31. Overview Sponsor: Sen. Carl Levin [D-MI] Co-sponsors: Sherrod Brown [D-OH], Robert Casey [D-PA], Richard Durbin [D-IL] Russell Feingold [D-WI], Kirsten Gillibrand [D-NY], Amy Klobuchar [D-MN], Charles Schumer [D-NY], Debbie Ann Stabenow [D-MI], George Voinovich [R-OH] Status: Introduced Jul 9, 2009 Referred to Committee View Committee Assignments Reported by Committee Dec 10, 2009 Passed Senate Nov 17, 2010 Passed House Dec 1, 2010 Signed by President... Having passed in identical form in both the House and Senate, this bill now awaits the signature of the President before becoming law. [Last Updated: Dec 3, 2010 12:04PM] S1421: Asian Carp Prevention and Control Act

32. Common sources of aquatic invasive species introduction include ballast water, aquaculture escapes, and accidental and/or intentional introductions, among others.

33. A major concern is the introduction of invasive species through ship ballast water carrying viable organisms from one water body to another. All mainland coasts of the United States - East, West, Gulf, and Great Lakes, as well as the coastal waters of Alaska, Hawaii, and the Pacific Islands - have felt the effects of successful aquatic species invasions. Over two-thirds of recent non-native species introductions in marine and coastal areas are likely due to ship-borne vectors, and ballast water transport and discharge is the most universal and ubiquitous of these.

34. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Globalization has vastly increased long- distance travel and commerce, and highly altered waterways. These and other factors have increased the frequency by orders of magnitude by which non-native plants, animals and pathogens are introduced to new areas, sometimes with costly results.

35. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Invasive species can enter important aquatic habitats including riparian zones and wetlands by several common pathways

36. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Ballast Water: Since 95% of all foreign goods by weight enter the U.S. through its ports, the potential for invasive species impacts on coastal communities is immense.

37. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Boat Hulls, Fishing Gear and Other Recreational Pathways: Boat hulls, fishing boots (felt-soled wading boots transport whirling disease organisms from stream to stream) and equipment, diving gear, and other recreational items that are transported among several water bodies have been known to spread invasive species problems to new waters. Some zebra mussels and milfoil have been introduced via these pathways.

38. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Aquaculture Escapes: Non-native shrimp, oysters and Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest, are just a few examples of non- native mariculture species that have generated concern over disease and other impacts that might arise from their escape.

39. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Intentional Introductions: The introduction of non-indigenous species into ecosystems with few controls on reproduction or distribution.

40. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Aquaria Releases: Escapes or intentional release of unwanted pets can be a source of new non-native species in all parts of the country. The invasive algae Caulerpa is thought to have been introduced to U.S. waterways after being discarded from aquaria.

41. Caulerpa Caulerpa taxifolia is a native alga of Hawaii, where it has not demonstrated any invasive tendencies. However, this common green alga has gained wide notoriety from its large outbreaks after accidental introduction in the Mediterranean and California. Due to the Mediterranean strain’s high growth rate, toxicity to predators and longevity, C. taxifolia has proven to be very successful in many non-native habitats. In areas of massive invasion, this alga’s spread is associated primarily with human factors.

42. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Live Food Industry: The import of live, exotic foods and the release of those organisms can result in significant control costs, e.g. the snakehead fish in Maryland. Asian swamp eels are spreading through the Southeast after introduction as a food source.

43. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Vehicular Transportation: Both private and commercial transportation are major factors in the movement and range expansion of non- native species throughout the U.S.

44. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Escaped Ornamental Plants, Nurseries’ Sales, or Disposals: Many invasive plant problems began as ornamental plantings for sale in nurseries and garden shops. Purple loosestrife is sold as an ornamental plant but takes over native vegetation in wetlands, and can clog western streams preventing water withdrawal and recreational uses. Only some problem species are currently banned from sale.

45. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Cross-basin Connections: From small channels to major intercoastal waterways, new connections between isolated water bodies have allowed the spread of many invasive species. Great Lakes invasions increased markedly after the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959.

46. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Fishing Bait Releases: Discarding unused bait can introduce species that disrupt their new ecosystems and eliminate competing native species. Examples include non-native crayfish, baitfish that overpopulate certain waters, and earthworms that are depleting the organic duff layer in northern forests where no indigenous earthworms existed.

47. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Illegal Stockings: Although prohibited by law, people release fish into new waters and sometimes cause severe impacts. Yellowstone Lake's world-class cutthroat trout fishery is now jeopardized by an illegal release of lake trout.

48. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Domestic Animals Gone Feral: The impact of feral house cats on birds and small mammals in natural areas is well documented. Escaped feral pigs from farms have recently begun to do significant damage to soils and plants in the Smokey Mountains.

49. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Pathogens Spread by Non-natives to Vulnerable Native Species: Non-native species problems include pathogens carried by resistant non- natives to vulnerable native species. Whirling disease, which has decimated rainbow trout in many western rivers, was originally introduced when European brown trout, tolerant of whirling disease, were imported to U.S. waters and hatcheries.

50. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Disposal of Solid Waste or Wastewater: Seeds, viable roots or other propagules of invasive plants may be easily spread to receiving waters through wastewater discharge, then spread by water flow to distant areas downstream.

51. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Science/laboratory Escapes, Disposals or Introductions: Accidental or intentional release of laboratory animals has introduced some non-native species into U.S. waters.

52. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Seafood Packing and Disposal: Much seafood is packed in seaweed prior to distribution. Because seafood is transported long distances, organisms in packing seaweed may reach new waters as an unintended by-product.

53. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Biological Control Introductions: Ideally, introducing a second non-native species to control an invader should result in diminished numbers of both species after control is accomplished, but some introduced controls have backfired because they attack non-target species. Mongoose introduced in Hawaii to control rats have wiped out many native bird species

54. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Past Government Programs: The establishment of a new invader is sometimes an unanticipated outcome of a government program; kudzu, for example, was originally introduced through a government-sponsored erosion control program.

55. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Moving and Depositing Fill in Wetlands: Seeds and viable parts of invasive plants contained in fill material may rapidly colonize the new substrate, which then compete with native species within the wetlands.

56. Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Land/water Alterations That Help Spread Invaders: Many invaders are adept at rapid pioneering where soil has been disturbed or water levels or routes have been changed, leaving a temporary gap in occupation by native flora and fauna.

57. National Invasive Species Management Plan Published in 2000; plan actions fall into 6 categories: (1) international cooperation, (2) prevention, (3) education and outreach, (4) early detection, (5) control and management, and (6) research.